医院低碳经济管理路径探索研究

在建设两型社会的大背景下,我院积极探索低碳经济管理途径,通过实施"四权分离物品管理机制"、全成本核算、打造数字化医院和低碳医疗等手段初步实现了低碳经济管理,并取得了极大的经济效益和社会效益。     

Disparities in the prevalence of smoke alarms in U.S. households: Conclusions drawn from published case studies

Introduction

Deaths from fires and burns are a leading cause of fatal home injury in the United States. Smoke alarms are one of the most effective interventions to prevent residential fire deaths. Nationwide, more than 95% of homes are estimated to have at least one smoke alarm. There is evidence that homes at highest risk of fire deaths lag behind national averages in smoke alarm use and maintenance.

Method

We compiled a comprehensive list of published studies that focus on smoke alarm prevalence in high-risk homes. Our findings show that there are substantial gaps in both smoke alarm presence and functional status between high-risk homes and national average estimates.

Conclusions

To save more lives, improved efforts are needed to reduce the disparity in smoke alarm prevalence and functional use in the United States.     

电化学法消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

采用电化学法消毒处理医院污水，通过选用不同阳极材料构建的电化学体系，探讨电化学法的消毒机理。试验表明，以涂有贵金属（钌、铂和铱）氧化物的钛板作阳极，不锈钢板作阴极，在电流密度为8mA／cm^2、水力停留时间为15min、空气流量为40L／h、极水比为1．0的试验条件下，消毒后污水中总大肠菌群数（500cfu／L，达到国家一级排放标准（GB8978-1996）。     

医院污水处理站设计研究

以淇县人民医院污水处理站实际生产工艺流程为研究对象,全面考察了污水处理采用预处理+格栅+调节池+缺氧好氧工艺+絮凝沉淀+过滤+二氧化氯消毒工艺,污泥处理采用污泥浓缩+压滤脱水工艺的工作性能.同时系统介绍了各个处理单元的功能和设计要点,为工艺推广应用提供直接的设计依据.在此基础上,对医院污水收集、污水处理工艺选择、污水处理设施选择以及处理设施运行管理等方面进行了总结探讨.     

医院废水处理工程应用研究

西安市某医院新建污水处理站采用生化法-流化床工艺,重点强化了对污水、污泥、废气、噪声的处理,平均进水ρ(CODcr)=400 mg/L,平均出水ρ(CODcr)=50 mg/L,CODcr平均去除率为87.5％.实践结果表明,该工艺运行费用低,操作简便,易于维护,处理效果稳定,其出水各项指标均优于《黄河流域(陕西段)污水综合排放标准》(DB 61/224-2011)二级标准.其出水各项指标均优于《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》(GB 18466-2005)一级标准.     

医院含菌污水处理过程中应注意的问题

针对医院污水含菌的特点，介绍处理该污水过程中发生的问题及应对办法，使处理后的含菌污水全部达标排放，从而减少对环境的污染，保护了环境。     

典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

基于SEM的医院安全脆弱性研究

为准确衡量医院的安全水平,分析医院安全脆弱性影响因素及其关系,首先提炼出基于4个指标,26个因子的医院安全脆弱性概念模型;然后选取10家三甲医院的200名中高层管理者发放问卷,采用SPSS21.0软件对模型进行影响因子验证和修正;最后运用SEM方法,得到指标对医院安全脆弱性的影响路径系数。研究结果表明:人员安全类对医院安全脆弱性影响最大;其次是技术安全类、自然灾害类的脆弱性;另外,4大类脆弱性因素具有直接或间接的影响;医院管理者可以通过加强人员安全培训和管理,提升技术安全措施,预防自然灾害,减少医院安全事故的发生。     

Plasticity in spawning visits of female damselfish, Stegastes nigricans : effect of distance to mates

Both sexes of the damselfish Stegastes nigricans hold individual territories in which they feed on filamentous algae. At dawn, females visit males' territories to spawn, and the males guard the eggs until hatching. We examined how females' spawning behavior varied according to the distances to their mates. Females usually mated with a single male per morning. The distance to the territory of a mate (0.7–12.8 m) did not affect a female's total spawning time per morning, but affected the number of her spawning visits with that male. Females made many repeated spawning visits when spawning with males at short distances, while they spawned the entire clutch in one visit when spawning with males at long distances. This plasticity in female behavior appears to be related to two costs during the spawning visits: (1) intrusions by other fish to feed on algae in the female's territory during her absence, which may cause the female to return repeatedly to her territory for defense, and (2) attacks on the female by other territorial fish, which increased with the distance to their mates' territories. To minimize the sum of both costs, females should change the number of spawning visits depending on the distance to the males' territories. Received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 17 March 1997