Soil Contamination by Pb, Zn and Cn from a Lead Smeltery

In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO₂, Pb₃P₄O₁₃, Zn(OH)₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃ and Cd(OH)₂ were identified.     

Health is wealth: Concern for households’ solid waste self‐disposal practices

This study examines the challenges posed by solid waste by assessing the disposal methods practiced by residents in the Ijebu‐Ode Local Government Area (LGA) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained through questionnaire administration. One out of every 10 houses was selected for sampling in six randomly selected wards of Ijebu‐Ode LGA. Three hundred and twelve questionnaires were administered on heads of households. Information elicited from the respondents covered solid waste disposal practices, the rationales behind those practices, and the respondents’ perceptions of environmental problems, including environmental health problems that could emanate from such practices. Data on environmental problems and environmental health problems measured on a 5‐point Likert scale were analyzed using Aggregate Weighted Mean Index. The computed Environmental Problem Indices (EPIs) and Environmental Health Problem Indices (EHPIs) were used to determine the severity of the respective challenges. The results established that blockage of drains with an EPI of 4.15 was a very severe environmental problem and flood hazard with an EPI of 3.55 was a severe environmental problem resulting from solid waste disposal practices. Incidence of malaria and cholera, with EHPIs of 2.85 and 2.56, respectively, were however ranked as not severe environmental health problems. The study concluded that solid waste disposal practices in Ijebu‐Ode LGA were unhygienic and unsafe, hence the need for government intervention to ensure the adoption of the necessary measures toward a safe and healthy environment.     

No Sustainability without Technical,Fiscal and Social Innovation

Abstract

Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of environmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.     

废旧家用电器回收再利用技术研究

介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废旧电视机、冰箱、空调器和洗衣机的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国实际提出了相应的措施和办法。     

城市垃圾发展现状及其对生态地质环境的影响

通过对城市垃圾发展状况和研究现状的讨论,认为垃圾不久将成为世界上最大的灾害污染源,指出了现阶段开展垃圾调查和相关研究的必要性和紧迫性.城市垃圾对生态地质环境的影响主要表现在对地表水、地下水、土壤和大气的污染几方面,其直接后果是严重损害城市环境卫生、破坏动植物生长和危害人类生存.为防止垃圾污染、保护生态地质环境,提出了治理城市垃圾的有关对策和建议,如选择代表性城市进行垃圾调查、登记注册垃圾堆放场所并进行可行性分析、开展垃圾管理、处理技术和学术监测研究以及制定相关垃圾法规等.     

Heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating

Seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating were investigated. With EDTA application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. The enrichment coefficients of Lolium perenne L（L） and Festuca arundinacea L（F） to Cr reached 9.4.5 and 6.15 respectively. In the range of EDTA dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing EDTA level. There were significant differences in remediation of different metals by applying EDTA. L had high ability to accumulate Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn, showing better remediation to heavy metals of rubbish compost. In contrast, F showed high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Low EDTA level increased aboveground net primary production （ANP） of turfgrass, but EDTA would considerably inhibit it when EDTA was higher than 20 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the optimum dosage of EDTA for remediating heavy metals in rubbish compost by turfgrass was between 10 mmol/kg and 20 mmol/kg.     

电化学氧化法处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的研究

实验利用电化学氧化法法除垃圾渗滤液中部分难降解有机物，以提高废水的可生化性，为后续生物处理创造条件。系统考察了温度、极板间距、氧离子浓度、pH值等因素对电化学处理垃圾渗滤液效果的影响，并通过GC-MS分析，探讨渗滤中有机污染物的去除情况，包括渗滤液中典型有毒难降解有机化合物的电化学氧化结果。结果表明：温度升高，COD和NH2-N的去除率均提高；极板间距太大或太小都会降低去除效果，极板间距10mm，处理效果较好，COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到86%和100%；随着渗滤液中Cl^-浓度的增加，COD去除率明显提高，同时高浓度Cl^-和较高的电流密度对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机污染物的处理有相当强的协同作用效应，可以明显提高处理效果；在强酸性和强碱性条件下的电化学反应都不利于对COD、NH3-N的去除；在添加Cl^-4000mg/L，极板间距为10mm，电流密度为15A/dm^2，pH为8，初始温度为50℃的条件下，经4h的电化学氧化，COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达88%、100%和98%，苯酚的去除率为82%，电流效率可达84%以上。可见电化学氧化法不仅可有效的去除COD、氨氮、色度，而且对有毒的难降解有机污染物（苯酚等）有很好的去除作用，采用电化学氧化作为垃圾渗滤液废水处理的前处理，可大大改善后续生物处理的效果。     

家庭电磁辐射污染及防护

本文讨论了家庭环境中电磁辐射污染的来源、对人体的危害的影响因素和在家庭环境中电磁辐射污染的防护措施.     

家庭绿色消费与可持续发展

绿色消费问题已成为国际上的热点问题。在论述绿色消费的涵义和内容的基础上，结合国内家庭的能源消费、水资源消费及拉圾排放对环境影响等方面的问题，进一步强调了家庭消费中可持续绿色消费的重要意义。     

废弃家电的环境危害及其黑色金属的再生资源化

废弃家电对环境的污染日趋严重，同时废弃家电中含有大量可再生利用的资源。论述了废弃家电中黑色金属再生利用的现状，分析了废弃家电的材料组成特点和再生黑色金属中夹杂元素的危害及其在冶炼中的行为，并提出应开展废弃家电中黑色金属再生利用技术的专门研究。