The Austrian P budget as a basis for resource optimization

Phosphorus (P) is a finite and non-substitutable resource that is essential to sustaining high levels of agricultural productivity but is also responsible for environmental problems, e.g., eutrophication. Based on the methodology of Material Flow Analysis, this study attempts to quantify all relevant flows and stocks of phosphorus (P) in Austria, with a special focus on waste and wastewater management. The system is modeled with the software STAN, which considers data uncertainty and applies data reconciliation and error propagation. The main novelty of this work lies in the high level of detail at which flows and stocks have been quantified to achieve a deeper understanding of the system and to provide a sound basis for the evaluation of various management options. The budget confirms on the one hand the dependence of mineral P fertilizer application (2 kg cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but it highlights on the other hand considerable unexploited potential for improvement. For example, municipal sewage sludge (0.75 kg cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and meat and bone meal (0.65 kg cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹) could potentially substitute 70% of the total applied mineral P fertilizers. However, recycling rates are low for several P flows (e.g., 27% of municipal sewage sludge; 3% of meat and bone meal). Therefore, Austria is building up a remarkable P stock (2.1 kg P cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹), mainly due to accumulation in landfills (1.1 kg P cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and agricultural soils (0.48 kg P cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹).     

功能区土地利用碳收支空间分异及碳补偿分区——以武汉城市圈为例

开展功能区土地利用碳收支评估并构建碳补偿分区优化框架,对于制定适应各功能区低碳策略、指导补偿额度流向、推动区域协调发展具有重要现实意义。以武汉城市圈县域为基本单元,在分析主体功能区划下土地利用碳收支空间分异特征的基础上,借助标准显示性比较优势指数法、SOM-K-means模型、二维关联矩阵等方法,对武汉城市圈进行了碳补偿类型区划分及优化。结果表明：武汉城市圈各县域土地利用碳排放总量地区差异显著,呈现“西高东低,中心最高”空间分布格局;主体功能区划下土地利用碳排放、碳吸收均具有明显空间分异特征,碳吸收与碳排放呈现出一定程度的相对空间分布趋势;武汉城市圈共有16个碳补偿支付区、11个碳补偿获补区以及12个碳补偿平衡区;结合主体功能区规划战略目标,最终形成7类碳补偿空间优化区,并对每一类型区提出了相应的低碳发展方向及策略。     

Heat Gain From Thermal Radiation Through Protective Clothing With Different Insulation,Reflectivity and Vapour Permeability

The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective suit were combined with different number and types of dry and pre-wetted underwear layers. Under radiant stress, whole body heat loss decreased, i.e., heat gain occurred compared to the reference. This heat gain increased with radiation intensity, and decreased with air velocity and clothing insulation. Except for the reflective outer layer that showed only minimal heat gain over the whole range of radiation intensities, the influence of the outer garments’ material and colour was small with dry clothing. Wetting the underclothing for simulating sweat accumulation, however, caused differing effects with higher heat gain in less permeable garments.     

四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性研究

利用1948—2008年的NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,计算了四川地区大气中的可降水量、水汽含量相对变率、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性。结果表明:水汽含量的稳定性特征与水汽含量有密切关系,水汽含量高的东南部,水汽含量稳定;水汽含量相对低的西北地区,水汽含量不稳定。盆地月水汽含量的平均年际变化特点为:夏季小、冬季大,东部小、西部大,1948—2008年以来,区域平均的年大气可降水量总体呈偏多—偏少—偏多—偏少的趋势。大部分水汽集中在对流层中下层,主要来自印度季风区孟加拉湾和南海,而对流层中上层,则以中纬度西风带输送为主。春、秋、冬季四川东南地区有较强的水汽辐合中心,结合大气环流和大气湿度分布揭示了区域上空水汽汇聚,可以较好地指导云雨作业。     

Is the availability of different nutrients a critical factor for the impact of bacteria on subterraneous carbon budgets?

Bacteria thriving in underground systems, such as karsts, adapt to use a variety of nutrients. Most of these nutrients derive from superficial processes. This study shows that bacteria are able to differentially induce carbonate precipitation or dissolution depending on the availability of nutrients for growth. Different bacterial strains isolated from caves, representing the most common components of these microbial communities, were cultured with different carbon and nitrogen sources (e.g., acetate, glucose, peptone, humic acids) and induced changes in pH were measured during growth. Carbonate can either precipitate or dissolve during bacterial growth. The induction of carbonate precipitates or their dissolution as a function of consumption of specific carbon sources revealed the existence of an active nutrient cycling process in karsts and links nutrients and environmental conditions to the existence of a highly significant carbon sink in subterraneous environments.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

近50a玛纳斯河流域土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响

土地利用变化对碳收支的影响是当前全球变化研究领域的重点内容之一,中国西北干旱区土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳收支的影响尚不清楚。论文以西北干旱区流域绿洲水土开发的典范--玛纳斯河流域为研究区,基于Bookkeeping模型,利用多期土地覆被类型图、植被和土壤碳密度历史文献及实地调查资料,开展玛纳斯河流域近50 a荒漠转变为绿洲农田和农田弃耕两种主要土地覆被变化对碳收支的影响研究。玛纳斯河流域的垦殖活动有利于碳储量的增加,在1962-2008年的46 a间,土地利用变化导致流域植被碳储量增加6.34×10⁵ t,土壤碳储量增加3.14×10⁶ t,总碳储量增加3.77×10⁶ t。受土地覆被变化面积和转换类型碳密度差异的影响,不同土地覆被类型转换对碳储量的影响存在显著差异:荒漠草地、裸地开垦为耕地均引起植被和土壤碳储量显著增加;林地开垦为耕地引起植被碳储量减少,土壤碳储量增加,总碳储量减少;而耕地弃耕通常会导致流域碳储量减少。     

成都市县域土地利用碳收支与经济发展关系研究

基于2014年成都市县域单元土地利用遥感图像和能源消耗统计数据,论文分析了碳收支空间分布特征,通过回归模型构建,对碳收支、土地利用和经济发展协同关系进行研究。结果表明：1）成都市碳汇土地面积占比为56.97%,高于碳源用地,区域碳源/碳汇用地空间差异明显。土地利用强度为2.40~3.33,呈现“东高西低、中心最高”的空间分布特征;2）成都市净碳排放2.43×10⁷ t,呈现“东高西低、中心最高”分布特征。各县域单元碳补偿率为0.06%~11.58%,碳生态承载系数（ESC）为0.05~8.60,呈现“东低西高、中心最低”的特征;3）碳排放经济贡献系数（ECC）为0.26~1.45,呈现“中心高、周边低”的特征并且空间差异较小;4）碳排放与GDP极显著正相关（P<0.01）。ESC与土地利用强度极显著负相关（P<0.01）。ECC与土地利用强度耦合协调度均值为0.56。耦合协调度和人均GDP回归关系极显著（P<0.01）,表明区域经济发展提高了碳排放经济效益和土地利用强度的耦合协调度。     

Modelling the effect of constant and fluctuating food supply on egg production rates of Acartia grani

A mathematical model of the individual budget of a spawning female of the copepod Acartia grani (Sars) has been used to simulate the time-scale of egg production over various external forcings (or inputs) of food fluctuation conditions. The budget matter in the body of the copepod females is distributed through four compartments: the whole digestive tract (globally named as gut), the hemolymph (which include the body fluid with available nutriments for the organs), the structural body weight, and the gonad. This small calanoid species does not carry lipid reserves but cumulate some labile reserves in its body, according to food availability. The model results show how the continuous spawning varies with food fluctuations, and suggest the mechanisms inducing the delay of response to starvation by using the metabolic reserves. Three different patterns in egg production response are observed: food fluctuations with frequencies below 12 h have no effect on egg production; food fluctuations of 12 h to 5 days induce synchronous egg production fluctuations; beyond 5 days the strong physiological changes induced by long starvation durations create delays in the responses to food replenishment. The available data of cultivated cohorts under laboratory conditions are used to validate the model. The properties underlined by the model, in particular its weak capacity to respond to starvation, allow explaining A. grani distribution in specific habitats. Different experimental protocols for complementary experiments are proposed to complete the model validation in other forcing conditions.     

城市化对水源系统的影响--以南京市为例

随着城市化进程的推进,人类对自然的干扰日益加剧,城市水源系统也因此受到影响,带来了诸如地表水质恶化、地面蒸散发减少、径流系数增大、地下水质变差和地面沉降等一系列问题.城市化发展通过影响水量平衡中的一个或多个因子,进而影响到整个水源系统.通过对南京市域多年水质、降水量等数据的分析可见,南京自城市化发展以来,地表水质下降明显、降水量和暴雨频率有增大的趋势、地下水也受到较大程度污染.为尽可能减轻城市化带来的负面影响,保护、恢复和重建城市水源系统是南京城市可持续发展的一个重要课题,应建立健全城市湿地有效保护机制,建立市区雨污分流和有效的雨水收集机制,尽可能地实现中水回用.在秦淮河的治理中,应在减少源头污染的同时,利用水体的自然净化能力,生态治污.