颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器的长期运行特性

在实验室条件下,从有机物去除效果、透膜压差、污泥颗粒粒径和污泥混合液过滤阻力等方面对颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）的长期运行特性进行了研究。结果表明,与普通MBR相比,HMBR可以显著减缓膜污染,延长稳定运行时间,减少膜组件的清洗频率,在本试验条件下,当膜通量分别为3.0、4.5和6.0 L/（m2·h）时,MBR的透膜压差增长率分别是HMBR的5.5、3.3和2.2倍;HMBR的有机污染物去除效果显著,COD平均去除率达到92.3%,但是由于颗粒填料对HMBR膜表面污泥沉积层的去除,HMBR对有机物的筛滤/吸附作用减弱,造成HMBR出水的COD浓度比MBR略高;随运行时间的增长,HMBR污泥颗粒粒径呈下降趋势,而污泥混合液的过滤阻力逐渐增大,由于颗粒填料对污泥絮体的剪切作用,以及污泥生物相的变化导致HMBR的污泥粒径下降趋势比MBR更为明显,粒径分布范围更窄,而且HMBR的污泥混合液过滤阻力增长速率略大于MBR。     

臭氧混凝耦合体系中H2O2对溴酸盐生成的抑制效果及相关机理

探究了臭氧混凝耦合体系(hybrid ozonation-coagulation,HOC)中H₂O₂对溴酸盐消毒副产物(BrO₃⁻)的抑制效能,明确了BrO₃⁻的主要生成途径和H₂O₂对BrO₃⁻生成的抑制原理。结果表明,当n(H₂O₂):n(O₃)>0.5时,H₂O₂能有效延缓BrO₃⁻的生成。当臭氧投加量为4.5 mg·L⁻¹、n(H₂O₂):n(O₃)=2时,能有效的将BrO₃⁻生成量控制在0.01 mg·L⁻¹以下。通过对BrO₃⁻生成贡献率和Br⁻消耗动力学的分析,臭氧直接氧化是HOC工艺中BrO₃⁻生成的主要途径,贡献率维持在80%以上。在H₂O₂抑制条件下,•OH间接氧化贡献率有所提高,但臭氧直接氧化仍然是HOC工艺中BrO₃⁻生成的主要途径,贡献率在60%以上。在H₂O₂抑制条件下,Br⁻的消耗反应为先慢速后快速,前期慢速反应阶段Br⁻的氧化过程被抑制,后期快速反应阶段中残余H₂O₂的存在减少了体系中活性氧物质的浓度,进而有效抑制了BrO₃⁻的生成。     

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

气液混合脉冲放电等离子体再生活性炭系统优化研究

为了丰富活性炭再生方法,并拓宽脉冲放电等离子体技术的应用范围,研究建立了气液混合的脉冲放电等离子体体系,将其用于吸附酸性橙II (AO7)饱和活性炭的再生。通过实验,考察了气液混合方式、脉冲电压、脉冲频率和电极间距等关键参数对活性炭再生效果的影响规律,进而对该再生体系进行优化。研究结果表明,气液分离式的气液混合方式较利于该脉冲放电等离子体体系中活性炭的优化;在一定范围内提高脉冲电压,可以提高其中活性炭的再生效果;高的脉冲频率下活性炭再生效果好;气液混合脉冲放电等离子体体系中适宜于活性炭再生的电极间距为20 mm。     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应

通过对杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化复合肥的试验研究,初步探明了粉煤灰磁化复合肥较同等N、P、K的复混肥,未磁化粉煤灰复合肥及当地群众习惯施肥法有显著的增产效果.试验表明,粉煤灰磁化肥在油菜上一般用量为757.58kg/hm2左右.粉煤灰磁化肥比对照增产21.9%,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产10.5%;比等量N、P、K混合肥增产9.9%,增产180kg/hm2.比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产4.5%.最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为1026.9kg/hm2,油菜产量为2084.85kg/hm2;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为757.58kg/hm2,油菜产量为2041.79kg/hm2.     

A HYBRID COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING THE CHEMICAL QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS1

ABSTRACT. A hybrid computer program was developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major user of water. The model combines a chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile with a general hydrologic model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the soil, plus the blending of undiverted inflows, evaporation, transpiration, and the mixing of sub surface return flows with groundwater. The six common ions of western waters, namely calcium (Ca⁺⁺), magnesium (Mg⁺⁺), sodium (Na⁺), sulfate (SO₄⁼), chloride (Cl^?), and bicarbonate (HCO₃^?) were considered in the study. Total dissolved solids (TDS) outflow was obtained by adding the individual ions. The overall model operates on a monthly time unit. The model was tested on a portion of the Little Bear River basin in northern Utah. The model successfully simulated measured outflows of water and each of the six ions for a 24-month period. The usefulness of the model was demonstrated by a management study of the prototype system. For example, preliminary results indicated that the available water supply could be used to irrigate additional land without unduly increasing the salt outflow from the basin. With minor adjustments the model can be applied to other hydrologic areas.     

Recycle of bio-waste banana and sisal fiber filled harmlessness epoxy hybrid composite for automotive roof application

Insists of polymer matrix composite is prepared by using natural fiber facilitates high tensile, flexural, and impact toughness properties. The natural fiber utilization in the polymer matrix can overcome the synthetic fiber demerits of poor compatibility, high moisture absorption, and high cost. The present research investigates developing a low-cost, environmentally eco-friendly epoxy hybrid composite using different volume percentages of chopped natural waste banana (0Vol%, 5Vol%, 10Vol%, and 15Vol%) and sisal fiber (0Vol%, 15Vol%, 10Vol%, and 5Vol%) through hand mould hot compression technique. The presence of natural waste banana and sisal fiber on tensile strength, flexural strength, and thermal adsorption properties of the epoxy hybrid composite are evaluated by ASTM test standards. The ASTM standard measured test results of epoxy hybrid composite with and without natural waste banana and sisal fiber were compared and sample three was identified by good tensile strength, flexural strength, and better thermal adsorption properties compared to all others. The sample three epoxy hybrid sample is recommended for automotive roof application.     

啤酒废水常温厌氧消化启动及运行实验

采用自行设计的复合式厌氧反应器在常温下对啤酒废水进行了厌氧发酵产沼气的实验研究,将进水COD控制在5 000 mg/L左右,采取逐步缩短HRT的方法来提高进水有机负荷,结果表明,启动运行41 d之后,产气量上升速度加快,反应器成功启动运行;在稳定运行过程中,随着负荷的升高,产气量呈阶梯式渐次上升,COD去除率保持在90%以上,出水pH值维持在7.0左右,TSS去除率达到60%以上,出水水质较好,说明该反应器具有较好的厌氧消化处理有机废水的能力。