西南喀斯特流域风化作用季节性变化研究

以西南地区典型喀斯特流域,长江上游一级支流嘉陵江温塘峡段为例,连续2 a按月取样,并通过水化学分析、同位素分析等方法,研究得出嘉陵江温塘峡段水化学类型受地层控制,为HCO3--Ca型.在稀释作用的影响下,除HNO3-的浓度因受人类活动的影响雨季偏大外,其余大部分离子浓度雨季较旱季偏小.所有样品的(Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3-(浓度比)在0.5～1之间,(Ca2++Mg2+)/(HCO3-+SO24-)(浓度比)大部分处于0.5～1之间,由此表明嘉陵江风化作用主要以碳酸的风化和硫酸风化碳酸岩盐为主,硫酸岩盐的风化为辅.根据同位素分析结果表明嘉陵江水中δ13CHCO-3值为-8.74‰～-7.36‰,δ34SSO2-4值旱季为14.43‰,雨季为12.21‰,表明硫酸对碳酸盐岩的风化作用和硫酸盐岩自身的风化作用在雨季均表现更强,其中,硫酸岩盐自身的风化作用在雨季强度更大,而旱季碳酸对碳酸盐岩的风化作用比较强.     

涟江上游表层岩溶泉水污染源解析

为明确涟江上游表层岩溶泉水化学污染特征及其污染来源,选取区域内7个地表饮用泉作为研究对象.测定泉水水温(T)、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)、pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4-N)、硝氮(NO₃-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD)并研究其与泉眼半径200、500、1000 m范围内耕地、住宅用地及交通用地面积的相关性.研究结果表明,依据地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-02)等水质标准,涟江上游7个表层岩溶泉水TN均超标,耕地周围的泉水TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N也超过标准值,表明该区域表层岩溶泉水总体高N而局部高P的污染特征.主成分分析表明农业活动对泉水TN、TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N及COD含量产生了一定的影响.泉眼半径200 m范围内耕地面积与TP、NH₄-N显著正相关,表明小范围内农业活动是泉水N、P污染的主要源头;500 m范围内EC与住宅用地面积显著正相关,表明较大规模人类聚居可能造成泉水离子成分偏复杂.从保护地表饮用泉的角度出发,建议泉眼半径200 m内减少农业活动强度及频率,泉眼半径500 m内控制人口密度及日常生活排污量.     

天葵秋海棠根部的化学成分

天葵秋海棠（ＢｅｇｏｎｉａｆｉｍｂｒｉｓｔｉｐｕｌａｔａＨａｎｃｅ）是秋海棠科秋海棠属植物,别名紫背天葵,分布于江浙、福建、两广、四川和云南等地,以块茎和全草入药,称为散血子,具清热凉血、止咳化痰、散瘀消肿功效,可治中暑发烧、咳嗽咯血、淋巴结核、血瘀...     

淡黄杜鹃植物挥发油化学成分的研究

利用毛细管气相色谱保留指数定性、标准样品叠加和色谱质谱计算机联用技术,对淡黄杜鹃植物挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,共鉴定出单萜烃１８个、倍半萜烃４１个,并测得了各化合物的相对含量,其主要成分是：β蒎烯、α蒎烯、乙酸冰片酯、柠檬烯、β榄香烯、香桧烯、香茅醇和月桂烯     

珠江流域水化学组成的时空变化特征及对岩石风化碳汇估算的意义

基于水-岩-气-生相互作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇模型表明,陆地碳酸盐风化碳汇是大气CO_2汇的重要组成部分;然而,碳酸盐风化碳汇的过程、机制和控制因素仍有待进一步的研究。本文采用野外监测、现场滴定和样品室内测试相结合的方法,对珠江流域支干流分旱季和雨季进行了4次野外监测取样,研究其水化学组成的时空变化特征。结果表明:珠江流域支干流的水化学组成受流域岩石风化、气候和水生光合作用的共同影响,并具有明显的时空变化特征。空间上,南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,水流较慢,水质清澈,水生光合作用强烈,电导率、[HCO_3~-]和[Ca~(2+)]的空间变化主要受水生光合作用控制;从红水河上游蔗香段至肇庆西江大桥监测点,反映的是流域岩石风化对水化学空间变化的影响。季节变化上,西江的电导率、[HCO_3~-]和[Ca~(2+)]呈现出夏季低、冬春季高的特征,主要反映稀释效应的控制。西江干流河水的溶解氧具有明显的季节变化,在上述南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,DO是夏季高冬季低,其他监测点是冬季高而夏季低;DO的季节变化受水生光合作用强度的控制。在南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,温度是光合作用强度的限制因子,而其他监测点的光合作用限制因子为浊度影响的光照。造成上述差异的原因是监测点的水文环境不同。通过对梧州水文站流量和[HCO_3~-]变化的分析发现,[HCO_3~-]的季节变化幅度相对流量小得多,显示在西江流域中,HCO_3~-也存在化学稳定性行为。因此在西江流域中,流量变化是岩溶碳汇通量变化的主控因子。研究还发现,西江流域中具有强烈的生物碳泵效应,由内源有机碳形成的碳汇通量约占传统计算模式碳汇(溶解无机碳-DIC)通量的40%。因此,在估算珠江流域碳酸盐风化碳汇时,必须考虑水生生态系统光合生物对DIC的利用形成的有机碳的贡献。     

Effect of supplemented soybean (Glycine max L) diet and extracts on aluminum sulfate-induced genotoxicity

Aim of this study is to evaluate the protective role of Glycine max L. (soybean) against aluminum sulfate-induced genotoxicity. A diet containing 30% soybean and extracts obtained with various organic solvents were administered orally to male white Swiss mice prior to intraperitoneal injection of Al₂(SO₄)₃. Light microscopy was used for the examination of genotoxicity involving somatic cells, germ cells, and sperms. The main secondary metabolites contained in each extract were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectral analyses. Administration of soy diet and extracts to the examined mice induced significant anti-mutagenic activity against bone marrow aberrations and spermatocyte and sperm abnormalities. At the end of this study, maximum protection was achieved using the methanolic extract (83% and 79%) followed by those obtained with chloroform (71% and 49%) and n-hexane (51% and 39%) for bone marrow aberrations and spermatocyte abnormalities, respectively. The observed activity of soybean extracts might be related to the main constituents isolated and identified. These main constituents were the isoflavone glycosides genistin and daidzin in addition to saponins (methanol extract), lignan matairesinol (chloroform extract), and β-sitosterol, unsaturated fatty acids as well as phospholipids (n-hexane extract). The results illustrated that soy extracts can be considered as alternative anti-mutagenic nutraceuticals and promising source for developing anti-mutagenic drugs.     

Release of Cd immobilized by soil constituents and its bioavailability

Release of Cd immobilized by soil constituents (clay, humic acids, bacterial cells) in vitro and under soil conditions and its bioavailability to lettuce were studied. The most resistant to extraction with 0.02 M EDTA in vitro as well as under soil conditions was cadmium immobilized by humic acids during decomposition of contaminated plant residues but Cd‐dead cells when 0.1 M NaNO₃ was the extractant.

Cadmium addition (3 mg kg^‐1) to soil and its form were without effect on plant growth and amount of metal accumulated in roots. Tops of plants grown in soil supplemented with Cd‐resting cells contained significantly less metal then other ones.     

菏泽市主要河流中氟的分布及其影响因素

菏泽市地处鲁西南高氟地区,其河流中的高浓度氟化物不仅会通过径流过程影响南四湖水质,还会影响当地水生态平衡及人体健康。通过分析菏泽市主要河流中氟化物的时空分布特征,并结合地下水、土壤及废污水调查结果,探讨了影响河流中氟化物分布的主要因素。结果表明:研究区河流中氟化物的平均浓度在0.98~1.45 mg/L之间,氟化物浓度分布呈现出枯水期＞平水期＞丰水期、下游＞上游、支流＞干流的特征。氟化物浓度较高的河流呈现高pH、低钙的特点,水化学组分以Na-HCO₃型、Na-SO₄型为主。河流中氟化物的浓度主要受蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用的影响。研究区地下水和土壤中氟化物的背景浓度整体较高。枯水期高氟地下水可能通过直接补给河流对河流水体产生影响,丰水期土壤中的氟也会通过径流过程汇入河流。人类工农业生产过程大量开采利用当地高氟地下水,而高氟废水最终则会进入河流,导致河流中氟化物的含量升高。     

新疆博尔塔拉河流域平原区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转化关系

博尔塔拉河流域地质条件复杂,地表水与地下水转化频繁,研究地表水与地下水水化学特征及转化关系对流域水资源合理开发和配置具有重要意义.基于2021年4～5月采集的15组地表水样和39组地下水样,采用APCS/MLR模型和稳定氢氧同位素与水化学相结合的方法,分析了地表水和地下水水化学类型和氢氧同位素分布特征、水化学组分源贡献...     

Analysis of munitions constituents in groundwater using a field-portable GC-MS

The use of munitions constituents (MCs) at military installations can produce soil and groundwater contamination that requires periodic monitoring even after training or manufacturing activities have ceased. Traditional groundwater monitoring methods require large volumes of aqueous samples (e.g., 2-4 L) to be shipped under chain of custody, to fixed laboratories for analysis. The samples must also be packed on ice and shielded from light to minimize degradation that may occur during transport and storage. The laboratory’s turn-around time for sample analysis and reporting can be as long as 45 d. This process hinders the reporting of data to customers in a timely manner; yields data that are not necessarily representative of current site conditions owing to the lag time between sample collection and reporting; and incurs significant shipping costs for samples.The current work compares a field portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for analysis of MCs on-site with traditional laboratory-based analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV absorption detection. The field method provides near real-time (within ∼1 h of sampling) concentrations of MCs in groundwater samples. Mass spectrometry provides reliable confirmation of MCs and a means to identify unknown compounds that are potential false positives for methods with UV and other non-selective detectors.