Effects of Lime and Ash Treatments on DOC Fractions and Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Soil Solutions of Acidified Podzolic Soils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions and different low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined in soil solutions from two lime or ash treated Norway spruce sites in the south of Sweden. At Hasslöv, 3.45 t ha^-1 or 8.75 t ha^-1 dolomite were applied 15 years before sampling. Horröd was treated with 4.28 t ha^-1 ash and 3.25 t ha^-1 dolomite and sampled four years later. Propionate (7–268 M) and malonate (2–34 M) were the LMWOAsfound in the highest concentrations at Hasslöv. Two other LMWOAs dominated at Horröd, namely citrate (18–64 M)and fumarate (5–31 M). The differences in concentration of most of the determined LMWOAs at Hasslöv were significantly increased due to treatment. The LMWOAs comprised between 1.1–6.3% of the DOC at Hasslöv and 4.5–17.6% at Horröd. At Hasslöv normally 3–10% of the total acidity (TA) was due to LMWOAs and the average specific buffer capacity was 74 ± 22 mmol mol^-1C.The total DOC concentration in the mor layer solution was 16 mM for the dolomite treated plots compared to 10 mM at the untreated plot. A major part of the increase in DOC at the treated plots apparently had a hydrophobic character and was of high molecular weight corresponding to 3–10 kDa. The concentration of DOC < 1 kDa in the control and treated plots was similar.     

Biodegradation by Composting of Surface Modified Starch and PVA Blended Films

Several starch/PVA/glycerol polymer blends were prepared by a solution casting technique and examined for biodegradation by composting over 45 days. Within this time frame, the starch and glycerol components were fully degraded, leaving the PVA component essentially intact. The lowest PVA content film (20%) was selected as a polymer with enough PVA to impart important physical characteristics, but also enough starch to be considered biodegradable. The film characteristics were further improved by surface modification with chitosan. This modification did not interfere with the biodegradation of the starch component. Furthermore, there was slight evidence that PVA biodegradation had been initiated in composted, surface modified starch/PVA blends.     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及其对芘的降解研究

以焦化厂排水沟底泥为菌源驯化筛选出6株多环芳烃降解菌。实验结果表明:各菌对芘均有一定的降解能力,不同菌体表面疏水性不同,这种不同可以影响到反应初期菌株对芘的表观降解率,菌体的疏水性表面较亲水性表面对芘有更强的吸附性;保存的一组天然混合菌对芘降解率较低,没有表现出优于单个菌株的协同作用;多环芳烃降解菌在芘培养液中生长快慢和降解能力没有必然联系。对两株菌体表面疏水性相差较大的菌株在不同条件下的芘降解性能研究结果表明:2#菌降解芘的最佳温度是30℃,9#菌降解芘的最佳温度是40℃;Mn2+对2#降解芘有促进作用,对9#菌几乎无影响,Cu2+对各菌芘降解均有不同程度的抑制作用;外加葡萄糖对于2#菌和9#菌的芘降解有促进作用。     

应用Abraham方程研究有机污染物对七种水生生物的毒性

通过研究141种对7种水生生物(发光菌、江水细菌、绿藻、大型溞、鲤鱼、黑头呆鱼,古比鱼)的毒性,建立了非极性麻醉型和极性麻醉型有机物的毒性与辛醇/水分配系数的对数lg Kow的相关性,并对该相关性进行了理论解释.同时,建立了Abraham参数与7种水生生物毒性的预测模型,根据Abraham参数和预测模型的系数,对有机污染物与生物毒性作用机理进行了理论分析.在此基础上,对Abraham毒性模型回归系数进行主成分分析,发现有机污染物对7种水生生物的毒性机理具有一定种间相似性和种间差异性,通过有机污染物对7种水生生物种间相关性研究发现,近缘物种种间具有良好的相关性,说明这些物种具有较相似的毒性作用机理,而非近缘物种种间相关性较差,说明这些物种种间毒性机理存在一定差异.     

固液界面NOM吸附中疏水效应的影响研究

文章以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高先减小后增大。当pH值从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH值从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH值为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基-OH、羰基C=O和疏水性的CH2烷烃。     

改性污泥基吸附剂深度处理出水有机物的研究

本研究通过对污泥热解碳化,并负载传统的混凝剂制成改性污泥基吸附剂（Modified Sludge-Based Adsorbents, MSBAs）,用来深度处理超短污泥龄活性污泥工艺出水有机物（COD）.同时,以总有机物（TCOD）和溶解性有机物（SCOD）去除率及处理前后各类有机物组分特征变化为指标,评价MSBAs深度处理出水中有机物的效果及处理后污水中有机物的潜在风险.结果表明,改性后的污泥基吸附剂均有较好的有机物吸附效果,TCOD的去除效率可达到32.6%以上,其中,Fe₂（SO₄）₃改性制备的污泥基吸附剂对有机物的去除能力最大,TCOD最大的去除效率为42.5%,其中,SCOD最大的去除效率为44.1%.有机物特征分析结果显示,4种MSBAs对污水中疏水酸性有机物（HPO-A）有较好的去除效果,且处理后污水中有机物芳香构造化程度增加,稳定性增加,污水消毒副产物的产生可能性大大降低.     

小球藻表面疏水性的研究

用烃水两相体系对小球藻的表面疏水性及其随环境条件变化进行探讨的．结果表明,二甲苯水两相体系适于用来研究小球藻的表面疏水性．受培养时间,光照条件和温度、营养条件,ｃ（Ｈｇ２＋ ） 和ρ（Ｃ６Ｃｌ６） 等环境污染物胁迫的影响,小球藻的表面疏水性发生性质不同的变化．对小球藻表面疏水性发生变化的物质基础及其生态学意义进行了讨论．     

二株假单胞菌的疏水性及其对菲的降解能力

从石油污染土壤中分离纯化到 2株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源的细菌GF2和GF3,初步鉴定均为假单胞菌属 (Pseudo monas)细菌 .根据细菌在烃 -水两相体系中的细胞数量研究了GF2和GF3菌株的表面疏水性及其在不同环境条件下的变化 ,同时对GF2和GF3在液体培养条件下降解菲的效能进行了研究 .结果表明 ,GF2和GF3表面疏水性随培养时间、温度及pH值的变化而变化 ,GF3的疏水性 ( 74 8% )大于GF2 ( 5 8 6 % ) .在 2 5℃下培养 7d ,GF2和GF3对菲 ( 2 5 0mg·L-1)的降解率分别达到 85 6 %和 10 0 % .     

A/O-MBR中MLSS浓度对污泥性能及膜通量的影响

采用国产聚丙烯中空纤维帘式膜组件,进行了A/O-MBR系统处理生活污水的实验研究,主要探讨了系统中污泥浓度(MLSS)与膜通量变化过程的关系。实验结果表明,MLSS由3 805 mg/L升高到6 912 mg/L时,污泥混合液胞外聚合物(EPS)由43 mg/g VSS增加到81 mg/g VSS,EPS中多糖与蛋白质的比例从0.87增加到1.08。同时,污泥相对疏水性(RH)的降低与Zeta电位的升高也在一定程度上共同促进了膜污染速率的上升。实验条件下,当运行时间为60 d左右,MLSS升高至6 200 mg/L时,跨膜压差上升迅速,膜组件清洗周期由初始的22 d缩短为11 d。A/O-MBR中由于MLSS浓度变化而导致的活性污泥混合液特性的变化,是影响膜通量变化的重要原因。