CFD技术及其在水处理研究中的应用

简要介绍了CFD技术的基本数值方法和几种著名的商业软件的特征,并例述了在水处理设备研究中的应用,指出CFD技术作为一种强有力的科研手段,应引起广大水处理研究工作者的足够重视。     

火电厂温排水对湿地生态系统的影响分析——以江苏射阳港电厂为例

在对电厂周围湿地生态系统进行多次现场调查的基础上,运用二维温度场和水动力场耦合求解的温排水模型预测电厂温排水的影响范围,结果是:电厂温排水将引起排放口附近海域最大影响面积为6.69 km2,最小为0.16 km2.分析发现,电厂温排水的温升对滩地植被、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类均不会造成明显的危害,相反在水温较低的季节,会提高海洋生物的丰度和生物多样性指数,并为保护区鸟类及其它物种提供丰富的饵料.但余氯对排放海域中的浮游生物有致命的威胁,对其他物种无明显影响,但存在一定的潜在影响.本文研究可以为电厂温排水的环境影响评价、温排水排放的有效管理及湿地生态系统的保护提供一些理论依据.     

WRF模式最优参数化方案在不同空气质量模式的应用

精准的气象场和适用的空气质量模式是优化大气污染模拟的重要途径.为提升四川盆地冬季大气污染模拟效果,利用WRF模式25组参数化方案组合,进行气象场模拟试验,基于最优方案数据,以四川盆地某大型钢铁厂为例,分别驱动AERMOD模式和CALPUFF模式,通过研究区域4个国控站数据对模拟结果进行对比验证.结果表明,WRF模式参数化方案选取对地面风场、高空风场和地面湿度场模拟效果影响较大,对地面温度场、高空温度场和高空湿度场模拟效果影响较小,SLAB陆面过程方案、 Dudhia短波辐射方案分别与YSU、 ACM2、 BouLac和MRF边界层方案的组合,均能较好地模拟四川盆地冬季地面风场、温度场和湿度场的变化趋势,结合高空风温湿统计参数综合分析可知,第1组方案适用于达州气象场模拟,第13组和第17组方案分别适用于成都白天和夜间时段气象场模拟.CALPUFF模拟结果与监测值的相关性整体优于AERMOD,从站点角度分析,CALPUFF在国控站3号的模拟效果相较AERMOD提升较大,在国控站2号的模拟效果提升较小,从大气污染物角度分析,4个国控站CALPUFF对NO_x和PM     

不同等级石漠化环境下人工乔木林的植被与土壤物理特征

目前石漠化地区的植被恢复是生态系统研究的一大难题.以武陵山石漠化综合治理国家长期科研基地人工林为研究区,通过野外踏查选定樟树-马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,研究该地区樟树Cinnamomum camphora-马尾松Pinus massoniana林在无石漠化、轻度石漠...     

Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run‐of‐River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics,Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales

Environmental flows are an important consideration in licensing hydropower projects as operational flow releases can result in adverse conditions for downstream ecological communities. Flow variability assessments have typically focused on pre‐ and post‐dam conditions using metrics based on daily averaged flow values. This study used subdaily and daily flow data to assess environmental flow response to changes in hydropower operations from daily peaking to run‐of‐river. An analysis tool was developed to quantify flow variability metrics and was applied to four hydropower projects. Significant differences were observed between operations at the 99% confidence level in the median flow values using hourly averaged flow datasets. Median daily rise and fall rates decreased on average 34.5 and 27.9%, respectively, whereas median hourly rise and fall rates decreased on average 50.1 and 50.6%, respectively. Differences in operational flow regimes were more pronounced in the hourly averaged flow datasets and less pronounced or nonexistent in the daily averaged flow datasets. These outcomes have implications for the development of ecology‐flow relationships that quantify effects of flow on processes such as fish stranding and displacement, along with habitat stability. Results indicate that flow variability statistics should be quantified using subdaily datasets to accurately represent the nature of hydropower operations, especially for daily peaking facilities.     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Reliability of Water and Hydropower Supply from a Multipurpose Dam in South Korea

Future climate change is a source of growing concerns for the supply of energy and resources, and it may have significant impacts on industry and the economy. Major effects are likely to arise from changes to the freshwater resources system, due to the connection of energy generation to these water systems. Using future climate data downscaled by a stochastic weather generator, this study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on long‐term reservoir operations at the Chungju multipurpose dam in South Korea, specifically considering the reliability of the supply of water and hydropower. A reservoir model, Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Reservoir System Simulation (HEC‐ResSim), was used to simulate the ability of the dam to supply water and hydropower under different conditions. The hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to determine the HEC‐ResSim boundary conditions, including daily dam inflow from the 6,642 km² watershed into the 2.75 Gm³ capacity reservoir. Projections of the future climate indicate that temperature and precipitation during 2070‐2099 (2080s) show an increase of +4.1°C and 19.4%, respectively, based on the baseline (1990‐2009). The results from the models suggest that, in the 2080s, the average annual water supply and hydropower production would change by +19.8 to +56.5% and by +33.9 to 92.3%, respectively. Model simulations suggest that under the new climatic conditions, the reliability of water and hydropower supply would be generally improved, as a consequence of increased dam inflow.     

燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)减排技术与装备探讨

燃煤电厂在我国电力工业中占有很大的比重,其烟尘排放污染问题也尤其突出。大量燃煤烟尘的排放造成了严重的环境污染,特别是其中的细颗粒物PM2.5,能长期悬浮于大气中,对人类的健康造成了长期持续的危害,因此燃煤电厂PM2.5减排技术对于环境保护事业具有重要的意义和深远的影响,大力发展PM2.5减排技术与装备是电力行业大势所趋。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水稻植株和田水中盐酸吗啉胍消解动态

2011—2012年在黑龙江肇东、河南祝楼、江苏句容三地通过田间试验,研究了盐酸吗啉胍在水稻植株和田水中的消解动态。水稻植株和田水采用UPLC-MS/MS正离子扫描测定残留的盐酸吗啉胍。结果表明,水稻植株和田水的3种添加浓度（0.005、0.05、0.5 mg·kg^-1）平均回收率分别为92.50%-109.20%和86.40%-107.20%,相对标准偏差分别为6.10%-6.90%和0.73%-3.10%。本方法在植株和田水中的最低检出浓度为0.005mg·kg^-1。从消解动力学方程可知,盐酸吗啉胍在水稻植株及田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.2-4.7、1.0-3.5 d。从结果判断盐酸吗啉胍属较易降解农药。     

农药西维因及敌草隆在草木灰上的吸附行为研究

测定分析了草木灰的孔隙结构、表面性质及化学组成,选择理化参数接近,空间构型不同的2种农药西维因和敌草隆作为吸附质,研究其在草木灰上吸附行为,结果表明两者在草木灰上吸附模式理截然不同,线性吸附方程及准一级动力学方程能够拟合平面型分子西维因的吸附等温线及动力学曲线,Freundlich吸附等温式及二级动力学方程吸附对非平面型分子敌草隆的等温线及动力学曲线拟合程度最高,说明平面型分子的吸附可能以简单的线性分配为主,而非平面型分子可能以多过程非线性吸附为主;等温线及动力学拟合参数显示,草木灰对平面型分子西维因的吸附量远大于非平面型分子敌草隆,说明吸附质分子的空间位阻效应是影响吸附的重要因素.     

木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响

将里氏木霉FS10-C用苜蓿粉发酵制成固体木霉制剂.采用温室盆栽试验,研究在外源铜浓度为0,100,200,400mg/kg的土壤上,施加木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响.结果表明:施加木霉制剂后,除400mg/kg外源铜浓度土壤上地上部干重外,海州香薷生物量在各外源铜浓度土壤上均呈增加趋势.施加木霉制剂的各外源铜浓度土壤NH4OAc提取态铜含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且除100mg/kg外源铜土壤上地上部外,海州香薷铜积累量均呈增加趋势.其中地上部积累量在200和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05),根积累量在100mg/kg外源铜土壤上差异显著(P<0.05),总积累量在100和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05).可见,里氏木霉FS10-C制剂可通过促进植物生长和提高土壤铜的植物有效性而提高海州香薷对铜的吸收能力,是一种颇具研发潜力的生物修复剂.