基于监测统计的垃圾收运车恶臭污染释放特征

为了明确生活垃圾初期收运过程中恶臭物质的释放特征,对典型垃圾收运压缩车和非压缩车展开了为期一年的监测.共检出了6大类别75种恶臭物质,其中以乙醇为主的含氧化合物浓度最高,平均检出浓度超过360μg/m³.垃圾初期收运车辆释放的恶臭物质在秋季污染水平最高,而冬季污染水平较低.通过对全部样品进行统计分析发现,压缩车与非压缩车释放恶臭物质的种类与浓度之间并无明显差异.根据阈稀释倍数法,乙醇、萘、二氯甲烷、二甲二硫醚和丙烯醛被筛选为典型恶臭物质.其中含硫化合物嗅阈值低,即使浓度很低也容易被感受到,在检测过程需要格外关注.本研究可为固体废物收运与管理过程的二次污染控制提供科学依据.     

满足国六排放的缸内直喷汽油车污染物排放特性试验研究

以满足国六排放的某缸内直喷轻型汽油车为研究对象,试验研究了该车国六Ⅰ型测试循环(WLTC循环)排放的CO、THC、NOx和固态颗粒数量,以及包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量和粒径分布特性.结果表明:WLTC循环工况覆盖范围广、车速高、加速度大的特点导致污染物排放增加;车辆冷机起动、暖机过程、瞬态过渡工况和高速大负荷工况对车辆的污染物排放影响较大,研发合理的车辆起动、催化剂起燃和暖机热管理策略、提高发动机瞬态过渡工况响应性是控制排放的重点;包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放呈单峰分布,在15 nm附近达到峰值.     

Ventilation mode changes our safety in buses: Study on “air-rain” flow against chemical and arson attack in public transport vehicles

Objectives: Public transport vehicles (PTVs) play a decisive role in development of the urban economy. However, the safety of PTVs is threatened by the man-released chemical or arson attack. It was found that indoor air safety can be greatly improved by employing air-rain ventilation instead of the common ventilation in a PTV.

Methods: Numerical simulations and experiments have been done to prove the effectiveness of the air-rain flow against chemical attack or arson in PTVs.

Results: The research shows that, during a chemical attack, an air-rain flow of 0.1 m/s can constrain the spread of a chemical agent in a very limited zone near its source, which is far away from the passengers’ breathing area in the PTV. During an arson attack, at an air-rain flow of 0.3 m/s, most of the area in the PTV maintains a low temperature for at least 60?s during a fire, which is long enough for passenger evacuation.

Conclusion: Compared to common ventilation, the key characteristic of air-rain ventilation is its resistance to the blending effect of the air. Because of this, the spread of chemical agents, hot gas/combustion products during a fire, and fuel aerosol is constrained to a limited area in a PTV. Passengers are then protected from chemical attack, explosion of fuel aerosols, and high temperatures and smoke. Thus, we can say that this new ventilation mode increases passenger safety in buses.     

Effects of Customary Marine Closures on Fish Behavior,Spear‐Fishing Success,and Underwater Visual Surveys

Abstract: Customary management systems (i.e., management systems that limit the use of marine resources), such as rotational fisheries closures, can limit harvest of resources. Nevertheless, the explicit goals of customary management are often to influence fish behavior (in particular flight distance, i.e., distance at which an organism begins to flee an approaching threat), rather than fish abundance. We explored whether the flight distance of reef fishes targeted by local artisanal fishers differed between a customary closure and fished reefs. We also examined whether flight distance of these species affected fishing success and accuracy of underwater visual census (UVC) between customary closed areas and areas open to fishing. Several species demonstrated significant differences in flight distance between areas, indicating that fishing activity may increase flight distance. These relatively long flight distances mean that in fished areas most target species may stay out of the range of spear fishers. In addition, mean flight distances for all species both inside and outside the customary‐closure area were substantially smaller than the observation distance of an observer conducting a belt‐transect UVC (mean [SE]= 8.8 m [0.48]). For targeted species that showed little ability to evade spear fishers, customary closures may be a vital management technique. Our results show that customary closures can have a substantial, positive effect on resource availability and that conventional UVC techniques may be insensitive to changes in flight behavior of fishes associated with fishing. We argue that short, periodic openings of customary closures may allow the health of the fish community to be maintained and local fishers to effectively harvest fishes.     

一种新的飞行事故征候率监视与控制方法

为了改进民用航空飞行安全的监控手段,探讨了一种飞行事故征候率的监视和控制方法。通过采用W检验法,对中国民航2008年各月飞行事故征候率统计数据进行正态分布拟合优度检验。结果表明:在10%的显著水平下,飞行事故征候率总体服从正态分布。假设正常情况下,飞行事故征候率超过警戒值的概率仅为0.1%,选择该概率为确定警戒值的标准。根据前一年12个月的飞行事故征候率统计数据和确定警戒值的标准,以子样均值作为母体均值估计量,子样无偏方差的平方根作为母体标准差的估计量,可计算出当年飞行事故征候率警戒值;此外,还提出了控制民用航空安全水平的准则。     

基于SEM的机组资源管理对机组人为差错的影响研究

为研究机组资源管理对机组人为差错的影响,以沟通和交流、领导管理技能、监控/质询、情景意识、决策及工作负荷作为机组资源管理变量,将人为差错分为认知差错和操作差错,利用230份飞行员的问卷调查数据,采用结构方程模型(SEM)的方法,构建有关机组资源管理与机组认知差错及操作差错关系的结构方程模型.结果表明:沟通和交流与操作差错显著相关;领导管理技能与认知差错及操作差错显著相关;监控/质询与认知差错及操作差错显著相关;情景意识与认知差错及操作差错显著相关;决策与操作差错显著相关;工作负荷与认知差错及操作差错显著相关;认知差错与操作差错显著相关.根据上述影响关系提出了建设团队氛围、培养机组成员的协同工作和加强机组成员的情景意识保持能力等措施.     

LPG/汽油双燃料汽车实时尾气排放比较研究

为了检验目前应用较为广泛的LPG/汽油双燃料改造汽车的实际排放和能源效益,采用车载尾气检测设备(OEM-2100)收集了两辆LPG/汽油双燃料汽车的实时尾气排放数据,比较了实验车辆在使用LPG和汽油两种燃料时的实际排放结果,包括在不同工况下的排放结果的比较.比较结果显示,两车在使用LPG燃料时排放并不理想.本文还分析了两车使用LPG燃料的排放特点,又对两种燃料的经济性做了比较,得出车辆在使用LPG时的燃油经济性较好.     

Diversion from landfill: quality products from valuable plastics

Mechanical recycling of 100% post-consumer plastic waste into high-quality products has been performed. The chemical and physical properties of these recycled materials have been compared with similar products manufactured from virgin resins. The properties of a blow-moulded bottle prepared from 100% post-consumer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) showed that this recycled polymer exceeded the materials specifications for virgin plastic designs. Similarly, a sample of thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO, 100% polypropylene), obtained entirely from shredder residue (SR) displayed sufficient material strength for future separation and reprocessing.