国内外近地表处置场处置技术研究

近年来低、中水平放射性废物由于其数量大,种类多等特点得到了国际上越来越多的关注。近地表处置是这类放射性废物的主要处置技术。本文介绍了国外几个国家的近地表处置场运行情况以及管理经验。陈述了我国西北和北龙两个处置场设计及运行情况,对国内外低中放处置场的处置技术进行比较,借鉴国外近地表处置场的先进经验,提出我国近地表处置场建设的相关建议,为我国新建近地表处置场建设提供参考。     

Study on Management and Control of Nonpoint Source Pollution from Urban Surface Runoff

Abstract

Urbanization is the dominant form of land-use change in terms of impacts on water quality, hydrology, physical properties of watersheds and their nonpoint source (NPS) pollution potential at present. Urbanization has changed the source, process and sink of urban NPS pollution, especially raised the pollution load of urban runoff NPS in receiving water. Urban runoff pollution is a hot spot of research on NPS. This paper analyzed type, source and harm of the NPS pollutants of urban runoff and its influence on the receiving water. Through estimating NPS pollution load of urban runoff and summarizing the law and characteristics of urban runoff NPS systemically, study on management and control of urban runoff NPS pollution was focused on the application of BMPs (best management practices). It is a fresh methodology that management and control on NPS pollution from urban surface runoff was analyzed by methods of landscape ecology, environmental economics and environmental management. The paper provided a scientific reference for mitigating urban water environment pressure and an effective method for management and control of NPS pollution from urban surface runoff.     

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998–2008

Abstract

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evaluated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index (NCPI), and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCPI ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.     

老化作用对微塑料吸附四环素的影响及其机制

微塑料（MPs）和抗生素同为新型污染物,微塑料可以在水环境中吸附抗生素并作为其载体而共同迁移,而微塑料会在环境中不断地老化,其吸附能力和吸附机制也会随之改变.以聚乙烯（PE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）为目标MPs,通过紫外法（UV-254）进行照射,对比老化前后微塑料颜色、表面形态和官能团等理化特性改变,以及其对四环素（TC）吸附的影响,探讨了相关影响机制.结果表明,准二级动力学模型能较好地模拟吸附过程,在24 h内达到吸附平衡,老化微塑料对TC的吸附量明显高于原始微塑料,且PS的吸附量高于PE.Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能较好地描述吸附等温试验数据,TC在微塑料上的吸附是自发的和吸热的物理吸附过程,老化作用对微塑料吸附热力学特性无明显影响.随着pH值的增加,吸附量先增大后减小,老化前后的微塑料均在pH=5时达到最大吸附量.紫外老化增加了微塑料的比表面积,生成了—C＝O、—OH和O＝C＝O等含氧官能团,改变了微塑料的理化特性,从而改变了微塑料对TC的吸附机制：相比原始PE微塑料,老化PE除了疏水分配、范德华力和静电作用外,孔填充也是吸附的重要机制;原始PS微塑料的主要吸附机制为疏水分配、范德华力、π-π作用和静电作用,老化PS则增加了氢键和孔填充作用.     

井下支护作业人员颈部肌肉疲劳特性研究*

为探究井下支护作业人员颈部肌肉疲劳受伸张和屈曲角度变化的影响,采用表面肌电法（sEMG）实验模拟测量7种点位角度下,颈部夹肌、斜方肌以及胸锁乳突肌在不同作业频率时的疲劳情况,以积分肌电值(iEMG)及中值频率（MF）评价各肌肉疲劳程度。研究结果表明:低频实验中随点位角度的增大,颈部屈曲活动时,胸锁乳突肌疲劳变化明显,iEMG疲劳前后差值最大为1.55,MF下降率最大为0.60;颈部伸展活动时,夹肌疲劳变化明显,iEMG疲劳前后差值最大为1.59,MF下降率最大为0.59;斜方肌未表现出明显疲劳变化规律。高频实验相较低频实验疲劳发生速度加快,疲劳积累程度显著提升,颈部活动主要肌肉疲劳发生时间由16~19 min提前至13~17 min,各肌肉MF下降速度为低频实验的1~1.55倍。     

不同尺度土地利用方式对地表水环境质量的影响及驱动机制

土地利用作为人类活动的重要载体对地表水环境状况有重要影响.以若尔盖湿地为例,基于面向对象的土地利用类型遥感解译,结合水质检测数据,从小流域和缓冲区尺度,分析不同尺度土地利用方式对地表水环境的影响及驱动机制.结果发现：（1）若尔盖湿地水质为Ⅴ类水,且整体呈现轻度富营养化,主要污染物为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,污染来自生活污水和放牧;（2）土地利用方式与地表水环境质量联系紧密,水体面积占比与化学需氧量（COD）呈现负相关关系、沼泽面积占比与TN呈现正相关关系和TP呈现负相关关系;（3）不同尺度土地利用方式与地表水环境存在显著关联性,1 000 m缓冲范围内的土地利用方式解释度最高,200 m的土地利用方式对COD的解释度最大,500 m的土地利用方式对TP和TN的解释度最大,800 m的土地利用方式对叶绿素（Chl-a）的解释度最大.本研究结果表明：若尔盖湿地对污染物和富营养化有一定的净化作用,但不同的土地利用方式对不同污染物作用存在差异,水体对Fe²⁺、 COD和Chl-a有净化作用,沼泽对TP有净化作用但对TN却呈现累积效应.应控制小尺度（≤1 000 m）的土...     

天津独流减河流域不同等级河流沉积物细菌区系及功能辨识

细菌群落对环境变化的敏感性较高,但在相似等级的生态条件下其代谢功能或具有趋同性.为探讨微生物群落的这种环境属性并验证其用于流域功能单元划分方面的可行性,本文以天津市独流减河流域上游汇水段河流表层沉积物为研究对象,从河道干流(MS)、左岸支流(LT)和右岸支流(RT)这3个连续的空间单元入手,研究沉积物中细菌的多样性、结构和功能代谢丰度,并探讨其作为流域功能单元划分关键因子的可行性.结果表明,不同等级河流沉积物之间细菌的Shannon指数和Simpson指数无显著差异(P>0.05),但Chao1、 Ace、 Observed＿species和PD＿whole＿tree指数均呈现支流显著高于干流的现象(P<0.05).细菌优势菌门的相对丰度在不同等级河流沉积物中差异不显著,但其功能代谢丰度则表现为干流显著高于支流(P<0.05),而不同支流之间差异不显著(P>0.05).本研究发现,除可交换态磷和硝态氮之外,其他理化性质在不同河流空间单元之间差异不显著,但pH和铁铝结合态磷显著影响了细菌群落的结构组成,有机质和总氮则与细菌功能代谢密切相关.研究同时发现,基于细菌代...     

Streamflow Hydrology Estimate Using Machine Learning (SHEM)

Continuity and accuracy of near real‐time streamflow gauge (streamgage) data are critical for flood forecasting, assessing imminent risk, and implementing flood mitigation activities. Without these data, decision makers and first responders are limited in their ability to effectively allocate resources, implement evacuations to save lives, and reduce property losses. The Streamflow Hydrology Estimate using Machine Learning (SHEM) is a new predictive model for providing accurate and timely proxy streamflow data for inoperative streamgages. SHEM relies on machine learning (“training”) to process and interpret large volumes (“big data”) of historic complex hydrologic information. Continually updated with real‐time streamflow data, the model constructs a virtual dataset index of correlations and groups (clusters) of relationship correlations between selected streamgages in a watershed and under differing flow conditions. Using these datasets, SHEM interpolates estimated discharge and time data for any indexed streamgage that stops transmitting data. These estimates are continuously tested, scored, and revised using multiple regression analysis processes and methodologies. The SHEM model was tested in Idaho and Washington in four diverse watersheds, and the model's estimates were then compared to the actual recorded data for the same time period. Results from all watersheds revealed a high correlation, validating both the degree of accuracy and reliability of the model.     

Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Simulated Evapotranspiration and Streamflow over Texas Using the WRF‐Hydro‐RAPID Modeling Framework

This study assesses a large‐scale hydrologic modeling framework (WRF‐Hydro‐RAPID) in terms of its high‐resolution simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) and streamflow over Texas (drainage area: 464,135 km²). The reference observations used include eight‐day ET data from MODIS and FLUXNET, and daily river discharge data from 271 U.S. Geological Survey gauges located across a climate gradient. A recursive digital filter is applied to decompose the river discharge into surface runoff and base flow for comparison with the model counterparts. While the routing component of the model is pre‐calibrated, the land component is uncalibrated. Results show the model performance for ET and runoff is aridity‐dependent. ET is better predicted in a wet year than in a dry year. Streamflow is better predicted in wet regions with the highest efficiency ~0.7. In comparison, streamflow is most poorly predicted in dry regions with a large positive bias. Modeled ET bias is more strongly correlated with the base flow bias than surface runoff bias. These results complement previous evaluations by incorporating more spatial details. They also help identify potential processes for future model improvements. Indeed, improving the dry region streamflow simulation would require synergistic enhancements of ET, soil moisture and groundwater parameterizations in the current model configuration. Our assessments are important preliminary steps towards accurate large‐scale hydrologic forecasts.     

Statistical Models to Predict and Assess Spatial and Temporal Low‐Flow Variability in New England Rivers and Streams

In the northern hemisphere, summer low flows are a key attribute defining both quantity and quality of aquatic habitat. I developed one set of models for New England streams/rivers predicting July/August median flows averaged across 1985–2015 as a function of weather, slope, % imperviousness, watershed storage, glacial geology, and soils. These models performed better than most United States Geological Survey models for summer flows developed at a statewide scale. I developed a second set of models predicting interannual differences in summer flows as a function of differences in air temperature, precipitation, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and lagged NAO. Use of difference equations eliminated the need for transformations and accounted for serial autocorrelations at lag 1. The models were used in sequence to estimate time series for monthly low flows and for two derived flow metrics (tenth percentile [Q10] and minimum 3‐in‐5 year average flows). The first metric is commonly used in assessing risk to low‐flow conditions over time, while the second has been correlated with increased probability of localized extinctions for brook trout. The flow metrics showed increasing trends across most of New England for 1985–2015. However, application of summer flow models with average and extreme climate projections to the Taunton River, Massachusetts, a sensitive watershed undergoing rapid development, projected that low‐flow metrics will decrease over the next 50 years.