FARMERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND PARTICIPATION IN COST-SHARE PROGRAMS1

The success of government programs to control nonpoint source pollution depends upon attitudes toward those programs and the availability of technical and financial assistance. Applicants for the Rural Clean Water Program cost-share funding in Virginia possess different personal and operational characteristics than do nonapplicants. Factors associated with participation in the Rural Clean Water Program differed from those associated with the more traditional soil conservation programs. Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate between other farmers who may become applicants and nonapplicants. Farmers' attitudes toward various policy options for inducing implementation of nonpoint source management practices varied greatly. Farmers were most favorable to cost sharing, low-interest loans and tax credits, and least favorable to a soil loss tax. They were either very favorably or very unfavorably inclined toward cross-compliance between pollution control and other agricultural programs.     

用于评价水污染的生物指数

对各国学者所建立的应用较广泛的生物指数作了综述 ,通过分析各种生物指数的优点与缺陷 ,指出了目前建立生物指数方法上的不足 ,并提出了建立生物指数应该采用的更合理的方法。     

Chemical pollution: Transfer of chemical elements to the aboverground phytomass of herbaceous plants

Changes in the species composition and a decrease in species diversity and total plant biomass along the gradient of soil pollution with heavy metals have been shown. Data on the concentrations of chemical elements (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Fe) in the aboveground organs of herbaceous plants and the biomass of each species make it possible to estimate the role of higher producers in the incorporation of chemical elements into biogenic cycles in background zones and under conditions of chemical pollution. Plants of the composite family (Asteraceae) play the main role in accumulation of chemical elements. The results obtained indicate that natural ecosystems have mechanisms limiting excessive accumulation of chemical elements into the aboveground plant biomass.     

High Environmental Cost behind Low China Price

China has won the name of the world factory being famous for exporting a great deal of and various kinds of low-price merchandise. However, most of Chinese exports are primary goods or manufactured products that create heavy pollution and require intensive use of resources. Chinese products go abroad, but their following harms stay behind. The article analyzes many obvious low-price facts in China and their concomitant terrible environmental results in detail, and points out that there are huge hidden troubles in the way of China＇s sustainable development behind her seemingly flourishing economy.     

关于沈阳市沈河区环境噪声污染及综合治理研究

阐述了沈阳市沈河区环境噪声污染的现状和存在的问题，并提出了综合治理的对策。     

高科技污染问题及驱动力模型研究

高科技产生的污染包括产品生产、消费过程中及废弃时产生的污染。这些特点又加重了高科技的污染程度。高科技污染的各种特点，包括扩散快、产品回收难、污染类型多及隐蔽性强等。以江苏省高科技企业为例，研究企业隶属、资产组成以及经营能力和科技水平等企业性质指标与企业有毒有害原辅料消耗量的相关性，并做出高科技企业污染的驱动模型。根据所得研究结果，分析总结影响高科技企业有毒有害原辅料消耗量的主要因素，认为企业的性质间接作用于企业，最终形成了高科技污染。并据此提出治理高科技污染的建议，即完善污染治理法律体系、探索废旧产品回收途径、发展清洁生产技术、探索针对高科技企业的环境管理模式。     

城市老工业区土壤重金属污染状况与健康风险评价

本文对西部某老工业区土壤中As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、Zn的含量、空间分布状况展开了研究,并依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对该老工业区的健康风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,该老工业区土壤重金属污染严重,6种元素与陕西土壤背景值相比超标100%,表明其不适宜作为居住用地开发。健康风险评价结果显示,As、Pb、Cr、Cd元素的非致癌风险值分别为3.83、1.7、1.94、1.09,均超过非致癌风险可接受值1,表明该老工业区对人们存在非致癌健康风险;对于致癌风险,As、Cr、Cd元素的致癌风险值远大于致癌风险边界值,分别超过致癌风险值的2个数量级(2.64×10-4)、4个数量级(1.94×10-2)、1个数量级(6.12×10-5),表示As和Cr已经达到了显著致癌风险的水平。     

飞机氮氧化物排放指数计算方法研究

飞机发动机的噪声和氮氧化物排放已成为日益严重的环境问题,对人类和生态环境的影响越来越严重。自国际民航组织颁布国际民航公约附件16《第Ⅰ卷航空器噪声》和《第Ⅱ卷航空发动机排放物》以来,为控制航空器发动机排放物污染,特别是氮氧化物污染,国际民航组织一直在研究更加严格的发动机排放物限制标准,以减少航空活动中飞机发动机对人类和环境的影响。以实例的形式列举了B787-800在4个阶段氮氧化物排放指数(EINOx)的计算过程,可为我国大飞机氮氧化物排放适航标准提供信息参考。     

铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤、苕子与荠菜的重金属污染特征

在云南某铅锌矿冶炼厂周边农田,采集当地主要绿肥(苕子)与野菜(荠菜)的植株和根部土壤样品,测定重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)的全量和DTPA提取的有效态质量比,并进行污染评价.结果表明:1)综合污染指数评价显示,铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤以重度和中度重金属污染为主,Cd质量比为GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》三级标准限值的1.94～8.30倍,污染程度最重,其次为Pb和Zn;2)荠菜植株Pb、Zn和Cd质量比的最大值、平均值均大于苕子;荠菜对Cd的富集系数大于1,对Pb、Zn和Cd的转移系数大于或接近1;3)苕子和荠菜地上部与土壤的Cd、Pb质量比,苕子地下部与土壤的Pb质量比,荠菜地上部与土壤的Zn质量比均呈显著或极显著正相关.研究表明:铅锌冶炼厂周边农田存在严重的重金属污染,Cd是主要污染因子;苕子和荠菜植株重金属质量比高,且荠菜对重金属的富集能力大于苕子.