Methodological and Practical Considerations for Developing Multiproject Baselines for Electric Power and Cement Industry Projects in Central America

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA) conducted technical studies and organized two training workshops to develop capacity in Central America for the evaluation of climate change projects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studies conducted for these workshops, one for the power sector and one for the cement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches to baseline setting. Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for the main Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. In recent years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth; thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to estimate viable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additional baseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh (using a weighted average stringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency), while the baseline for plants offsetting load-following capacity is lower at 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-following plants, the rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age of some plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of their use. The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism yields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh. Due to the relatively small number of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of the cement market, all of Central America was chosen as the geographic boundary for setting cement industry BERs. Unfortunately, actual operations and output data were unobtainable for most of the plants in the region, and many data were estimated. Cement industry BERs ranged from 205 kgCO2 to 225 kgCO2 per metric ton of cement.     

湖北省环保产业SWOT分析

湖北省环保产业的现状一直无准确定量描述,2005年组织了对2004年湖北省环保产业优势、劣势等状况进行了首次全面调查,在此基础上,对湖北省环保产业进行了全面详细的SWOT分析,为湖北省环保产业可持续发展决策提供了科学的依据。     

高强度开发区域生态环境规划研究——以上海市宝山区生态环境规划为例

通过对区域生态环境-经济协调性现状的诊断,指出上海宝山区产业结构和空间布局的不合理是造成该区域环境污染严重的主要原因。规划从可持续发展的思路出发,形成合理的产业结构调整方案,利用环境功能区划引导区内产业结构和布局调整,构建面向高强度开发区域的生态环境指标体系,最终提出针对产业特点及环境现状的生态环境规划方案。     

Decomposition of CF3CI by corona discharge

In this paper pulsed corona discharge is shown to be effective for the decomposition of CF₃Cl(Freon-13).The pressure of CF₃Cl was 2.67×10³Pa,after discharged for 2 min,39.5% of CF₃Cl was decomposed.The products were mainly CF₄,Cl₂ and CF₂Cl₂.The yield increased by adding O₂ or air.Under the same conditions,more than 94% decomposition yield was obtained if 5.32×10³Pa O₂ or air was added.The composition of products became CF₂O,Cl₂ and CF₄.While the partial pressure of O₂ or air reached 1 arm,the decomposition yield decreased to 54.5% and 48. 5% respectively.     

Catalysts for decomposing ozone tail gas

The preparation of immobilizing-catalysts for decomposing ozone by using dipping method was studied. XRD, XPS and TEM were used to characterize the catalysts. The three kinds of catalysts were selected preferentially, and their catalytic activities were investigated. The results showed that the catalyst with activated carbon dipping acetate( active components are Mn:Cu = 3:2, active component proportion in catalyst is 15%, calcination temperature is 200℃ ) has the best catalytic activity for ozone decomposing. One gram of catalyst can decompose 17.6g ozone at initial ozone concentration of 2.5g/m^3 and the residence time in reactor of 0.1s. The experimental results also indicated that humidity of reaction system had negative effect on catalytic activity.     

An assessment of how distance and diesel oxidation catalyst will impact thermal decomposition behaviors of particles

Decomposition mass loss and pyrolysis products analyses of particles sampled at various locations along the tailpipe of a Euro-IV diesel engine were performed using a thermogravimetry in conjunction with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry-mass spectrum. Diesel particles were collected at the same location with and without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) mounted on the test engine separately. The three poles in thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity images suggested that the decomposition process of diesel particles could be divided into three stages which correspond to the decompositions of lower boiling substances, higher boiling substances and soot respectively. It is noticed that no matter whether DOC was mounted or not, the further the particles were sampled away from the engine block, the lower the peak temperatures and the heavier the mass losses within the first two stages, which indicated that the soluble organic fraction in the particle samples increased and therefore lowering the activation energy of thermal decomposition. Hydroxyl, ammonia, C_xH_y fragments, benzene, toluene, and phenol were found to be the primary products of particle decomposition, which didn't change with the location of particle sample point. The employment of DOC increased the activation energy for particle oxidation and resulted in a higher peak temperature and lower mass loss within the first-stage. Moreover, the CO stretching bands of aldehyde and ketone at 1771 cm^?1 was only detected without a DOC, while the NO₂ peak at 1634 cm^?1 was solely noticed with the presence of DOC. Compared to the first-stage pyrolysis products, more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and less C_xH_y fragments were seen in the second-stage.     

工程菌处理高纯二甲醚生产废水的研究

工程菌LEY7是以假单胞菌D3 菌株 (Pseudomonassp.D3 )为受体 ,以缓慢牙孢杆菌 3RM2 菌株 (Bacilluslentus 3RM2 ) ,假单胞菌W1 (Pseudomonassp .W1 )和W2 (Pseudomonassp .W2 )为供体 ,用多基因转化原生质球构建而成。工程菌LEY7能同时降解 4种化合物。用工程菌LEY7处理化工废水 ,工艺采用二级氧化。处理效果 :进水COD =10 0 0mg/L ,处理后出水COD在 10 0mg/L以下。COD去除率达到 90 %以上。     

Heterojunctioned CuO/Cu2O catalyst for highly efficient ozone removal

In recent years, near surface ozone pollution, has attracted more and more attention, which necessitates the development of high efficient and low cost catalysts. In this work, CuO/Cu₂O heterojunctioned catalyst is fabricated by heating Cu₂O at high temperature, and is adopted as ozone decomposition catalyst. The results show that after Cu₂O is heated at 180°C conversion of ozone increases from 75.2% to 89.3% at mass space velocity 1,920,000 cm³/(g·hr) in dry air with 1000 ppmV ozone, which indicates that this heterojunction catalyst is one of the most efficient catalysts reported at present. Catalysts are characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, which confirmed that the heterojunction promotes the electron transfer in the catalytic process and creates more defects and oxygen vacancies in the CuO/Cu₂O interfaces. This procedure of manufacturing heterostructures would also be applicable to other metal oxide catalysts, and it is expected to be more widely applied to the synthesis of high-efficiency heterostructured catalysts in the future.     

超声波处理石化厂剩余活性污泥

采用超声波处理石化污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥。介绍了超声波对污泥的作用机理，初步研究了超声波处理污泥的影响因素。大功率超声波可以降解生物污泥，释放出其中的有机物。小功率超声波能够改善污泥的膨胀特性、提高污泥沉淀特性和脱水能力、降低污泥的含水率，达到减量的目的。经超声波处理并简单过滤的污泥滤液，COD达到4200mg／L左右，污泥含水率由94％降至85％左右。     

美国环境保护与环境技术产业发展的主要经验和启示

随着经济和社会的发展，保护人类赖以生存的环境，走可持续发展之路，已成为世界范围内人们的共识，环境污染问题已日益成为人们关注的焦点。美国环境保护发展的历史与现状，揭示出一些促进环境保护和环境技术产业发展的经验，值得我们借鉴。