Source identification of particulate matter and associated intake of elements through inhalation in an industrial area of Odisha,India

Particulate matter concentrations were measured in an industrial region in the Ganjam district of Odisha. The average levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were measured to be 142 ± 8 and PM₁₀ of particulate matter with a size of less than 10 micrometers (PM₁₀) to be 50 ± 15 μg m^?3. Out of the 14 elements determined, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and K contributed more than 95% of the total weight. In enrichment factors, the trace elements, i.e., Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg were observed to be highly enriched in the SPM and PM₁₀. Factor analysis indicates that more than 75% of the variance was due to five component factors, which have eigenvalues greater than 1. Intake of elements through inhalation route to adults has been estimated.     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium†

There is limited evidence to suggest that certain compounds of cadmium may be mildly mutagenic. Some compounds of cadmium have given rise to fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection in the rat and also to interstitial cell tumours of the testis as a sequel to cellular damage and testicular atrophy. Cadmium chloride aerosol inhalation has induced a high incidence of dose‐related lung cancer in the rat. Epidemiological observations suggest that mortality from prostatic and possibly from lung cancer has been increased in cadmium workers who had experienced the very high levels of cadmium, mainly as oxide dust or fume, which existed in the past. The more recent epidemiological studies have not added further evidence in support of the carcinogenic role of cadmium.     

Clinical and analytical follow‐up of 25 persons exposed accidentally to beryllium†

An accidental exposition of 25 persons to beryllium dust was used to follow up trace analytical and clinical parameters over a period of 10 months. Although no exposed person shows any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication, up to 5‐fold increased beryllium concentrations could be analysed in serum samples about 10 hours after exposition. The beryllium clearance shows a biological half time in the range of 2 to 8 weeks. The beryllium determination in the nanogram range was carried out using a combined method by flameless a.a.s. with a detection limit of 0.6 ppb Be and a relative standard deviation from 20 to 4% in relation to the concentration range of beryllium measurement.

Beryllium analyses are completed by thorax X‐ray, spirometry, y‐globulins and liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT), which have shown no pathological values. Because it is known for beryllium to sensitize the cellular immune response, neopterin measurement was used to determine the activity of the immune system. Neopterin, a pteridine synthesized by activated macrophages after stimulation by gamma‐interferon derived from sensitized T‐lymphocytes, was determined in urine samples by HPLC combined with an fluorescence detector. Only in two cases a slight increase of neopterin has been found. As a result of this study it can be summarized, that a short‐time exposure to beryllium (10–20 h), which results in a increase of beryllium in serum to the fivefold normal beryllium level, does not initiate any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication. The exposed persons are controlled in future to evaluate the further course.     

基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统

设计并开发了基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统,该系统将程控激光指示与GIS技术相结合,通过探测器采集火场动态信息,针对火灾实际,生成安全迅速的疏散引导路线,解决了当前消防系统疏散标志设置混乱、易被误识别、引导效率低的缺陷,提高了现有消防引导疏散水平,对提高消防安全技术水平有较大的促进作用.     

人工边坡破裂面的最短路径搜索方法及其应用

文章运用Dijkstra最短路径算法确定土体中最危险的潜在破裂面,通过弹塑性有限元模拟基坑开挖过程, 计算土体的位移和应力以及评价基坑的稳定性。文中较详细地叙述了这种基于有限元分析技术和组合优化法来确定土坡中最危险的潜在破裂面的原理和实施过程,并给出了计算实例,进行了相应的讨论。     

汽车铸造厂车间PCDD/Fs污染及车间工人呼吸暴露评估

通过对我国某汽车铸造厂车间及周边环境中细颗粒物及气相中PCDD/Fs进行采样及分析,初步评估该汽车铸造车间内二 的污染水平,污染特征及车间工作人员的呼吸暴露量.结果表明,(1)该汽车厂车间内二 平均质量浓度为4.18pg/m3,分别是背景区和居民区的22倍和5倍,其中落砂区浓度最高;(2)车间内二 毒性当量浓度平均值为0.282pg I-TEQ/m3,其中镉化区平均水平最高,为0.480pg I-TEQ/m3,但均低于日本环境空气推荐质量标准(0.6pg I-TEQ/m3);(3)车间内不同区域不同劳动强度的个体二 呼吸暴露量为0.02~0.25pg I-TEQ/(kg·d),镉化区工作人员承担最高的二 暴露风险.     

地铁火灾应急疏散路线规划与对策

为有效控制地铁内灾难发生、避免重大伤亡和损失,预先对地铁火灾进行模拟并制定相应疏散方案是必要的。首先,通过大量地铁案例分析,得出火灾发生概率、类型和部位。其次,对研究对象的数据进行收集,测绘形成图纸,并建立模型。最后,以北京地铁西直门站为例,在确定火灾情景后,利用PyroSim模拟地铁火灾,分析火灾发生时地铁内的环境温度、烟气浓度及可见度等因素对疏散的影响;根据测量所得人员参数,利用Pathfinder模拟疏散情况,分析疏散过程中的时间点、拥挤度和疏散瓶颈等不利因素;在火灾和疏散结果对比和分析中,提出地铁火灾疏散路线的规划及对策,建立多套消防救援方案,分析合理的救援路线,并对地铁内部的应急防控能力提出建议。     

宝鸡渭北冰雹地理分布及减灾对策

采用宝鸡渭北地区40年（1961～2000年）的冰雹资料,结合实际调查,分析了渭北冰雹的地理分布及其移动路径.结果表明：宝鸡渭北地区降雹的年、月、日变化比较显著,降雹强度与地理环境密切,北部山区降雹多于渭河川原,主要分布于泾河与千河之间的分水岭南侧及喇叭口形的谷地中,冰雹移动路径与河谷走向基本一致.根据当地情况,提出了加强预测预报、人工消雹,以及建造林带和改良土壤,从而改变下垫面条件的减轻冰雹灾害的对策.     

危险品道路运输多目标路径优化方法研究

道路危险品运输路径优化是提高危险品运输安全的一项重要措施。通过对国内外文献的分析研究，本文提出了危险品道路运输路径优化的数学模型，该模型首先求出单项目标的最优解，然后找出每项目标的实际值尽可能接近各自单项的最优值。本文也建立了包括路线长度、时间、费用、路线风险、敏感目标人数在内的危险品道路运输目标体系，并给出危险品运输路线选择决策的程序，为政府相关部门进行路线选择提供决策依据。     

城市污泥处理处置管理体系探讨

城市污泥是城市生活和工业废水产生的副产品,具有产量大、成分复杂等特点,给城市的经济和可持续发展造成了巨大的压力。文章主要分析了我国大中型城市在污水处理过程中产生的污泥处理与处置的现状及存在的问题,并以上海为例分析了上海污泥的主要来源、性质及其产生趋势,并在此基础上探讨了污泥处理与处置的管理体系及出路,指出采用合理的多元化路线无疑是解决上海污泥处置的理想路线;国家和地方行政管理部门应加速建立和完善各类污泥处理处置的相关法律法规,加强集中式污水处理厂和企业污泥处理与处置的管理和监督力度并设立污泥处理与处置的专项规划与研究。