The effect of landfill leachate composition on organics and nitrogen removal in an activated sludge system with bentonite additive

A pre-denitrification activated sludge system (AS) without internal recycle was used in lab-scale studies of landfill leachate treatment. A bentonite supplement at a ratio of 1:4 (mineral : biomass) was used to ensure high sludge settling levels and to serve as a micro-organisms carrier. The system was operated within different parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), ammonia loading rate (ALR) or external recycle ratio, which was adapted to treat varying leachate concentrations of COD and ammonia, ranging from 1020 to 2680 mgO(2)l(-1) and 400-890 mgNH(4)-Nl(-1) respectively. The nitrification was complete and ammonia oxidation reached 99%; this was obtained while the ALR did not exceed 0.09 g NH(4)(+)-Ng(-1)MLVSS d(-1) and HRT was not lower than 1 day (in the aeration reactor). The performance of denitrification was successfully improved by controlling the external recycle rate, when the BOD(5)/N ratio in the raw leachate was 4.1. Consequently, N-removal of up to 80% was achieved. A 10-fold decrease in the denitrification rate was obtained at a BOD(5)/N ratio of 0.5. The efficiency of COD removal varied significantly from 36% to 84%. The positive effect of bentonite addition was determined and is discussed based on preliminary studies. The experiments were carried out in fill-and-draw activated sludge with bentonite; the biomass ratio was 1:2. The activated sludge with bentonite was fed with a synthetic high ammonia and organic-free medium.     

Growth substrate selection and biodegradation of PCP by New Zealand white-rot fungi

Nine New Zealand native white-rot fungi were studied for their ability to grow and survive on different substrates formulated from bark, wheat straw, sawdust, apple pomace and maize products in order to identify their pentachlorophenol (PCP) biodegradation potential and to select a fungal carrier for bioaugmentation of polluted soils. Isolates were also evaluated to mineralize (14)C-PCP in liquid culture and in soil. The American fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium outgrew the native fungi on the substrates tested, but the high colonisation did not result in superior PCP dechlorination as measured by chloride release. Whilst Trametes versicolor inocula produced on wheat straw and SCS (sawdust-corn meal-starch-mix) gave the highest chloride release, colonization of these two substrates as measured by biological potential was lower compared to the pomace and pomace-sawdust-mix. Neither lignin peroxidase nor manganese peroxidase production were measured for New Zealand white-rot fungi during the experiments. Laccase was the only enzyme detected. In liquid culture, the mineralisation rate was higher for T. versicolor isolates compared to P. chyrysoporium. Very little to no pentachloroanisole (PCA) was captured in the volatile fraction of T. versicolor isolates, whereas 75% of the volatile fraction of P. chrysosporium consisted of PCA. The soil microcosms studies, using contaminated soil from a timber treatment site, clearly showed that the New Zealand T. versicolor isolates mineralized PCP. Degradation of PCP in non-sterile soil was higher in the presence of white-rot fungi than in soil without white-rot fungus. This demonstrates that viable white-rot fungus is necessary for significant PCP degradation and that T. versicolor isolates showed PCP remediation potential. Wheat straw and SCS could be suitable carriers for New Zealand native T. versicolor isolates for bioremediation of PCP polluted soil sites.     

四川参与性体育旅游产品的创新开发

体育旅游产品体系庞大,能满足不同类型、不同层次旅游者的需要,具有较强的生命力.由于体育旅游产品深受大众喜爱,具有巨大的市场潜力和可观的经济效益,因此开发体育旅游产品是促进四川旅游业走向强大的重要战略.针对四川参与性体育旅游产品开发的问题以及发展体育旅游的条件,提出了创新开发四川参与性体育旅游产品的途径:①与其它类型的旅游产品有机结合,开发组合性体育旅游产品;②开发少数民族体育旅游资源;③深度开发著名景区的体育旅游资源.     

利用固定化细胞技术处理废水研究进展

固定化细胞技术是一门新兴的废水处理技术。与固定化酶技术相比,固定化细胞技术保持了原有的多酶系统,对于需要多酶顺序作用的反应更具优势,且不需要辅酶再生。其缺点是必须使用胞内酶,且难以去除细胞内的“副作用”酶。介绍了目前常见的四类固定化方法(即吸附法、包埋法、共价结合法和交联法)、三类固定化细胞载体材料(即有机高分子载体、无机载体和复合载体)以及该方法在废水处理中的应用,并提出了在应用中有待解决的问题。     

悬浮填料在废水生物处理中的应用进展

综述了悬浮填料及反应性悬浮填料在废水生物处理中的应用。在曝气池中添加悬浮填料对传统活性污泥法进行改进，改造工程简单，并可使原有污水处理场的处理能力及脱氮能力大大提高；悬浮填料与活性污泥法的多种变型相结合，在市场上形成了多种新型反应器和新的商品处理工艺。反应性悬浮填料的使用也已取得一系列成功经验，但仍然要注意反应性悬浮填料本身在废水中的降解问题。     

论档案是文化的载体

档案是自然、社会和人类思维活动的真实反映.它作为一种载体,记录着人类的历史、文明、发展和智慧,是衡量一个国家文明程度的标尺,是人类进步的基础,是知识和信息的汇集.     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体加热方案选择与设计

根据转锥式生物质热解装置中对加热设备的要求,先后分别选择和设计了三种不同的加热方案,在实际应用中逐步了解每套加热设备的优缺点,为加热设备的改进和该项技术的应用推广奠定坚实的基础.     

粉煤灰预处理生物流化床技术处理有机废水的研究

通过大量试验和相关工程体会得出：有机废水在进入较低污泥浓度的生物流化床之前,通过粉煤灰的预处理,再配以高效射流曝气器,能有较好的处理效果。     

复合生物反应器工艺对化纤废水的处理研究

在普通活性污泥系统的曝气池中投加一定量的填料构成复合生物反应器 ,可以增加曝气池中的生物体量至 6g/L左右 ,在HRT为 8h ,泥龄为 5d时 ,CODCr、氨氮的去除率分别提高了 2 0 %和9.6% ,容积负荷对复合生物反应器的脱氮能力影响较小。该工艺对污泥膨胀有较好的控制     

投加填料强化A/O系统脱氮性能研究

介绍了投加填料法对A/O(厌氧—好氧)工艺生物脱氮的影响。在填料投加率50%(φ(填料)=50%)、好氧段HRT 4.4 h和缺氧段HRT 2.2 h的情况下,进水CODC r为300~800 mg/L、NH4+-N为30~70 mg/L,TN为30~90 mg/L,出水CODC r小于48 mg/L,NH4+-N小于5 mg/L,TN小于15 mg/L,去除效率可分别达到90%、91%和60%以上,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准,明显优于常规A/O系统。