Estimation of pyrethroid pesticide intake using regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples

Population-based estimates of pesticide intake are needed to characterize exposure for particular demographic groups based on their dietary behaviors. Regression modeling performed on measurements of selected pesticides in composited duplicate diet samples allowed (1) estimation of pesticide intakes for a defined demographic community, and (2) comparison of dietary pesticide intakes between the composite and individual samples. Extant databases were useful for assigning individual samples to composites, but they could not provide the breadth of information needed to facilitate measurable levels in every composite. Composite sample measurements were found to be good predictors of pyrethroid pesticide levels in their individual sample constituents where sufficient measurements are available above the method detection limit. Statistical inference shows little evidence of differences between individual and composite measurements and suggests that regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples may provide an effective tool for estimating dietary pesticide intake for a defined population.     

Distribution of toxic and essential elements in various chicken organs

An instrumental neutron activation technique was applied to determine toxic, essential and other elements in various chicken organs namely; liver, heart, gizzard, breast and leg. The range, arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median were computed which indicate normal distribution pattern for Hg, Se, Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, Na, K and Cs in the five chicken organs. The concentration of Hg, Se, As, Fe, Zn and Mn in local chicken liver were also compared with the literature values. Dietary intake value for toxic and essential elements were also computed and compared with the recommended values.     

Pesticide residues intake of French adults under increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables – A theoretical study

The increase of fresh vegetable and fruit (FVF) intake could contribute to the prevention of obesity and several major pathologies and thus represents a major public health goal in industrial countries. Nutritional recommendations for increased consumption of FVF could lead to ingestion of unwanted amounts of pesticides. This study was undertaken to evaluate theoretical exposure of French adults to pesticide residues under increasing amounts of FVF intake. Balanced menus with 200 – 400 – 600 – 800 and 1200 g FVF/day were established. Amounts of active substances brought by every FVF vector, at the maximum residue level (MRL) were summed up to determine the intake for each active substance. Values were compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) to point out any potential over exposure. A maximalistic approach was adopted and no reducing factor due to processing was taken into account. It was found that under minimal recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables (400 g/d), no active substance reached the ADI, but 18 vs 144 were over 10% of the ADI. Raising FVF to 600 g/d increased the number of active substances over 10 % of the ADI to 24, but again in no case was the ADI exceeded. Doubling the intake to 800 g/d gives values over the ADI for 2 active substances only (cyhexatin and thirame). It was concluded that the increase in fruit and vegetables up to 800 g per day should not expose adults over the ADIs for a majority of authorized pesticides. In this regard, residues levels of ten active substances in fruit and vegetables should deserve particular attention.     

电除尘器内气流分布特性的研究

文章对电除尘器进气烟箱内常规均匀气流和斜气流下三维流场进行了数值模拟计算和试验研究,流场的模拟采用双方程模型,计算采用SIMPLE算法。对于常规均匀气流,试验共设计了5种不同渐扩管扩散角度(α)的烟箱模型,分别进行流场模拟计算,并对进气烟箱出口处的气流分布均匀程度进行评价。试验中通过改变不同部位的开孔率来形成有规律的斜气流,并在计算机上模拟计算,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件

为了研究环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件,使用京津冀晋长期气象资料和高分辨率自动气象站资料,分析了环首都圈霾和雾天气的长期变化趋势,与使用矢量和算法分析典型个例气流停滞区的形成过程.结果表明,在1950—1960年代,环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾日非常少,1970年代开始增多,1980年代以后明显增多,并形成几个霾日集中区,比较明显的是邯郸-邢台-石家庄-保定-北京-天津的带状分布,还有太原及以南的带状分布,最为严重的情况出现在1996—2000年,2000年以后有一定减少.北京1950年代霾日比较多,最多达到1年有160 d以上霾日,与同期沙尘天气偏多相关联,随着在首都周边地区的大规模植树造林,到1967年,霾日已经减少到1年不足10 d,1970年代以后北京的能见度急剧恶化导致霾日迅速增加,到1980年代初增加到220 d以上,一直到1999年前后北京的霾日维持在每年160~200 d左右;2000年以后到北京奥运会前后,霾日持续下降,到2010年霾日仅有56 d,2012年有所反弹,增加到91 d.北京及华北地区霾日季节分布突出的特点是除去采暖季有较多的霾日外,在盛夏季节霾日也明显多,集中出现在6—9月,尤其是盛夏季节的7—8月,与所谓的桑拿天同期出现,这与全国大部分城市的变化趋势完全不同.霾过程的发生和矢量和的大小存在较为明显的正相关关系.霾过程中,在华北平原均出现明显的气流停滞区,区域矢量和很小,不利于空气中污染物的水平扩散;清洁过程时华北4省市尤其是北京地区受明显的西北气流影响,风矢量和为较一致的偏北方向,水平扩散条件较好,较利于污染物的扩散,对应同期能见度较高.京津冀西侧、北侧靠山、东邻渤海,尤其是北京小平原三面环山.太行山、燕山和军都山形成的"弓状山脉"对冷空气活动起到了阻挡和削弱作用,导致山前暖区空气流动性较小形成气流停滞区、污染物和水汽容易聚集从而有利于霾和雾的形成.由于受太行山的阻挡和背风坡气流下沉作用的影响,使得沿北京、保定、石家庄、邢台和邯郸一线的污染物不易扩散,形成一条西南-东北走向的高污染带,华北平原偏南气流的弱辐合作用和也加重了北京的污染.山西省的高浓度污染物亦在低空偏南气流输送下沿桑干河河谷和洋河河谷以及滹沱河-拒马河河谷向北京输送.河北中南部与山西诸河谷的累积污染带叠加近地层输送流场是造成北京严重霾天气过程的重要原因之一.     

我国持久性有机污染物人体负荷研究进展

持久性有机污染物所造成的污染已经成为全球性的环境问题.关于由其污染导致的环境和健康损害的研究是当前环境科学的热点之一.我国正处在经济快速发展时期,环境污染对居民健康的潜在危害尤其值得关注.本文对近年来有关我国居民持久性有机污染物的人体负荷的研究进展进行综述,为我国进一步开展相关研究提供参考.     

Burden levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in typical edible meat animals

The concentrations and distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the whole blood and meat of eight typical edible animals (chicken, donkey, horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep, duck, and pig) were illustrated. Total concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs (on a basis of liquid volume) in animal bloods were 142-484 pg/L and 46-62 ng/L, respectively. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs (on a basis of dry weight (dw) and lipid weight (lw)) in animal meat samples were 0.47-1090 pg/g dw (0.47-4513 pg/g lw) and 7.2-23 ng/g dw (10-776 ng/g lw), respectively. TEQs for both PCDD/Fs and PCBs in animal blood and meat samples were (67 ± 27) pg/L and (5.3 ± 14) pg/g dw (24 ± 56 pg/g lw), respectively. Besides, the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also estimated. Chicken and pig contributed more TEQs than other animals. Chicken contributed the most (95%) with high toxicity, followed by pig (3.4%) with high consumption. The dietary intake of chicken might pose risks to consumers who prefer to eat chicken products, who should comprehensively consider the essential nutrients and contaminants in food during dietary intake.     

SHEDS-PM模型模拟杭州市人群PM10暴露水平

以杭州市为例,利用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)国家暴露研究实验室(NERL)所开发的颗粒物人类暴露剂量随机模拟模型(SHEDS-PM),考察了人群在不同微环境中的PM₁₀暴露水平. 结合室外环境ρ(PM₁₀₎模拟结果、相关微环境参数和人群活动特征,对研究区域2004年不同季节室外环境、室内环境(住宅、办公室、学校、商店、餐馆)以及机动车内PM₁₀暴露水平进行了模拟. 结果表明:PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量与ρ(PM₁₀₎日均值呈正相关;1月PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量最大,分别为18.22,326.99和277.46 μg/m3>/sup>,三者在住宅环境中的剂量最大;不同微环境PM₁₀平均沉积速率有明显差异.      

北京市场常见水产品中总汞、甲基汞分布特征及食用风险

以甲苯二次萃取-直接测汞的方法对北京市场常见水产品中的甲基汞进行分析测定,并评价了食用人群的暴露风险。分析样品包括大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）、虾（Penaeus chinensis）等9种常见海产品以及武昌鱼（Megalobrama amblycephala Yih）、鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）2种淡水海产品。测定结果表明：海产品中总汞和甲基汞质量分数要远高于淡水鱼中的总汞和甲基汞质量分数,总汞绝大多数是以甲基汞的形式存在,所占比例从74.7%到96.0%不等;对其中3种鱼类的鱼体甲基汞分布研究表明：肌肉中的甲基汞质量分数最高,肝脏中次之,鱼鳃中质量分数最低。根据我国水产品甲基汞标准,本研究中水产品甲基汞质量分数均低于国家标准,但根据世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国环保署EPA颁布的甲基汞摄入量参考值,食用银鳕鱼等甲基汞质量分数相对较高的水产品仍然存在一定的风险,应注意限量。     

动物性食品中PCBs的生物有效性及人体日暴露评估

通过测定上海市售动物性食品中PCBs的浓度和生物有效性,评估该地区PCBs的人体日暴露量.结果表明,不同种类食品中PCBs的浓度在未检出~3734.3pg/g(湿重)之间,3~6氯PCBs为主要同系物.鱼类中PCBs浓度高于畜类、禽类和软体类.鱼类PCBs的浓度水平遵循以下两规律:海水鱼>淡水鱼;肉食性鱼>杂食性鱼>草食性鱼.采用模拟人体胃肠消化过程测得PCBs的生物有效性,由于食品中脂肪含量与PCBs的生物有效性具有显著的线性关系,故可用于计算样品中PCBs的生物有效性.该地区居民每天通过动物性食品摄入的PCBs量为24439.3pg/d,以PCBs的生物有效性计量为5034.5pg/d.对不同暴露源(包括灰尘和大气颗粒物)的分析表明,鱼类是PCBs人体暴露的主要贡献者,约占人体PCBs日暴露的60%.