气浮中离子气团的应用

文章简介了离子气团产生的原理,离子气流发生器的工作原理及离子气团在水处理技术气浮中的应用.     

Monitoring of environmental contaminants in raw bovine milk and estimates of dietary intakes of children in South Korea

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous residual contaminants in the environment and in the food chain. Milk is an important matrix for monitoring POP contamination. This study determined the concentrations of POPs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in raw bovine milk, and the data was used to estimate dietary intakes in South Korea. The average concentrations of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw milk were 0.29 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.50 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.27 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, and 0.33 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, respectively. No significant relationship was found between the concentrations of analytes and the regions sampled. The dietary intakes of PBDEs from the consumption of milk was calculated to be 0.26, 0.10, and 0.05 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of HCB was calculated to be 0.44, 0.16, and 0.09 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was calculated to be 0.78, 0.29, and 0.16 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. These results indicated that the residual levels of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw bovine milk were within safe levels.     

电除尘器内气流分布特性的研究

文章对电除尘器进气烟箱内常规均匀气流和斜气流下三维流场进行了数值模拟计算和试验研究,流场的模拟采用双方程模型,计算采用SIMPLE算法。对于常规均匀气流,试验共设计了5种不同渐扩管扩散角度(α)的烟箱模型,分别进行流场模拟计算,并对进气烟箱出口处的气流分布均匀程度进行评价。试验中通过改变不同部位的开孔率来形成有规律的斜气流,并在计算机上模拟计算,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件

为了研究环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件,使用京津冀晋长期气象资料和高分辨率自动气象站资料,分析了环首都圈霾和雾天气的长期变化趋势,与使用矢量和算法分析典型个例气流停滞区的形成过程.结果表明,在1950—1960年代,环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾日非常少,1970年代开始增多,1980年代以后明显增多,并形成几个霾日集中区,比较明显的是邯郸-邢台-石家庄-保定-北京-天津的带状分布,还有太原及以南的带状分布,最为严重的情况出现在1996—2000年,2000年以后有一定减少.北京1950年代霾日比较多,最多达到1年有160 d以上霾日,与同期沙尘天气偏多相关联,随着在首都周边地区的大规模植树造林,到1967年,霾日已经减少到1年不足10 d,1970年代以后北京的能见度急剧恶化导致霾日迅速增加,到1980年代初增加到220 d以上,一直到1999年前后北京的霾日维持在每年160~200 d左右;2000年以后到北京奥运会前后,霾日持续下降,到2010年霾日仅有56 d,2012年有所反弹,增加到91 d.北京及华北地区霾日季节分布突出的特点是除去采暖季有较多的霾日外,在盛夏季节霾日也明显多,集中出现在6—9月,尤其是盛夏季节的7—8月,与所谓的桑拿天同期出现,这与全国大部分城市的变化趋势完全不同.霾过程的发生和矢量和的大小存在较为明显的正相关关系.霾过程中,在华北平原均出现明显的气流停滞区,区域矢量和很小,不利于空气中污染物的水平扩散;清洁过程时华北4省市尤其是北京地区受明显的西北气流影响,风矢量和为较一致的偏北方向,水平扩散条件较好,较利于污染物的扩散,对应同期能见度较高.京津冀西侧、北侧靠山、东邻渤海,尤其是北京小平原三面环山.太行山、燕山和军都山形成的"弓状山脉"对冷空气活动起到了阻挡和削弱作用,导致山前暖区空气流动性较小形成气流停滞区、污染物和水汽容易聚集从而有利于霾和雾的形成.由于受太行山的阻挡和背风坡气流下沉作用的影响,使得沿北京、保定、石家庄、邢台和邯郸一线的污染物不易扩散,形成一条西南-东北走向的高污染带,华北平原偏南气流的弱辐合作用和也加重了北京的污染.山西省的高浓度污染物亦在低空偏南气流输送下沿桑干河河谷和洋河河谷以及滹沱河-拒马河河谷向北京输送.河北中南部与山西诸河谷的累积污染带叠加近地层输送流场是造成北京严重霾天气过程的重要原因之一.     

我国持久性有机污染物人体负荷研究进展

持久性有机污染物所造成的污染已经成为全球性的环境问题.关于由其污染导致的环境和健康损害的研究是当前环境科学的热点之一.我国正处在经济快速发展时期,环境污染对居民健康的潜在危害尤其值得关注.本文对近年来有关我国居民持久性有机污染物的人体负荷的研究进展进行综述,为我国进一步开展相关研究提供参考.     

Burden levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in typical edible meat animals

The concentrations and distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the whole blood and meat of eight typical edible animals (chicken, donkey, horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep, duck, and pig) were illustrated. Total concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs (on a basis of liquid volume) in animal bloods were 142-484 pg/L and 46-62 ng/L, respectively. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs (on a basis of dry weight (dw) and lipid weight (lw)) in animal meat samples were 0.47-1090 pg/g dw (0.47-4513 pg/g lw) and 7.2-23 ng/g dw (10-776 ng/g lw), respectively. TEQs for both PCDD/Fs and PCBs in animal blood and meat samples were (67 ± 27) pg/L and (5.3 ± 14) pg/g dw (24 ± 56 pg/g lw), respectively. Besides, the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also estimated. Chicken and pig contributed more TEQs than other animals. Chicken contributed the most (95%) with high toxicity, followed by pig (3.4%) with high consumption. The dietary intake of chicken might pose risks to consumers who prefer to eat chicken products, who should comprehensively consider the essential nutrients and contaminants in food during dietary intake.     

矿井系统下行风流火灾实验与TF1M3D平台仿真研究

为直观反映矿井下行风流火灾时期风流紊乱现象，深入研究风流紊乱、火灾烟流扩散规律，搭建管道实验平台进行矿井下行风流火灾实验，应用TF1M3D软件对真实矿井火灾进行模拟仿真。结果表明:矿井发生下行风流火灾时，在火区热阻力和火风压作用下，主干风路风流发生衰减甚至逆流现象，主干风路风量达到极值的时间滞后于火源强度达到最大值的时间；模拟结果显示223上山风流随通风机能力增强，发生风流紊乱现象更明显；在火灾主干风路风流未发生逆退的情况下，223上山和-380副巷仍会发生风流逆转现象；通风机能力越强，主干风路风流克服火源作用、保持原状态的能力越强。     

井下移动热源对巷道局部风流温度影响规律研究

为了研究煤矿井下热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响，通过搭建实验平台以及建立数值模型，采用实验和数值模拟的方法，分析井下固定和移动热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响规律。研究结果表明:对比实验和数值模拟固定热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响，结果显示二者总体温度变化趋势一致性较好，验证了数学模型的正确性；井下热源移动速度不同时，顺风移动速度越大，对巷道局部温度影响越大，且巷道局部温度相对升高；逆风移动速度越大，对巷道局部温度影响越小，且巷道局部温度相对降低。     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part II—Practical examples

ABSTRACT

The effects of the spread of residue concentrations in the samples derived from the selected supervised trials and the number of trials were studied on the magnitude and uncertainty of the short-term dietary intakes calculated with the proposed new procedure (IESTI_p) and that one used currently by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization) Joint meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) (IESTI_c). The residue data of 10 pesticides were obtained from supervised trials conducted on apples and pears. The methods described in Part I were used for the calculations of the uncertainty. The results indicate that the ratio of IESTI_P to IESTI_c (φ_IESTI) is directly proportional to the ratio of the estimated maximum residue level (MRL), recommended by the JMPR; to the highest residue (HR) observed in supervised trials, and it may have a wide range depending on the particular conditions. The φ_IESTI becomes greater with the increase of the difference between the mrl or maximum residue limit (MRL, established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) and HR, and becomes smaller if the difference between the large portion (LP) and unit mass (U) decreases. The φ_IESTI ranged between 2 and 5.1 in the 16 cases examined indicating that the IESTI_p calculation method leads to higher intake estimates. The ratio of CV_IESTIp and CV_IESTIc ranged typically between 0.62 and 1.71. It rapidly increased up to 12 trials. For a larger number of trials, the ratio remained practically constant (1.69–1.71). The processing factor (PF) equally affects the MRL and HR values, therefore, it will not practically influence the φ_IESTI. The uncertainty of the estimated median residues depends on the spread and number of values in the residue datasets, which affects the uncertainty of the conversion factor (CF) and subsequently the uncertainty of the estimated IESTI_p. Residue values obtained from minimum nine independent trials are required for the correct calculation of the 95% confidence intervals of the calculated median residues. The uncertainty of the analytical results directly affects the median, HR values and indirectly the calculated mrl and the MRL derived from it. Therefore, it should also be considered for the calculation of the combined uncertainty of the conversion factors. For the correct interpretation of the results of dietary exposure calculations, the upper 95% confidence limit of the short-term intake should also be considered. However, it is not the current practice of regulatory agencies or JMPR.     

SHEDS-PM模型模拟杭州市人群PM10暴露水平

以杭州市为例,利用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)国家暴露研究实验室(NERL)所开发的颗粒物人类暴露剂量随机模拟模型(SHEDS-PM),考察了人群在不同微环境中的PM₁₀暴露水平. 结合室外环境ρ(PM₁₀₎模拟结果、相关微环境参数和人群活动特征,对研究区域2004年不同季节室外环境、室内环境(住宅、办公室、学校、商店、餐馆)以及机动车内PM₁₀暴露水平进行了模拟. 结果表明:PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量与ρ(PM₁₀₎日均值呈正相关;1月PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量最大,分别为18.22,326.99和277.46 μg/m3>/sup>,三者在住宅环境中的剂量最大;不同微环境PM₁₀平均沉积速率有明显差异.