Inherently safer sustained casing pressure testing for well integrity evaluation

This paper presents the use of a model to predict sustained casing pressure (SCP), from early pressure buildup data, as a basis for inherently safer well integrity testing. Inherently safer principles aim to eliminate or reduce the hazards by design rather than by using protective features. SCP, a well integrity issue exhibited in many wells, is any measurable pressure that rebuilds after being bled down and attributable to causes other than artificially applied pressure or temperature fluctuations in the well. Intrusion of gas, resulting in SCP, can occur because of poor cement bond in the casing or cement deterioration. Gas entering the annulus migrates to the wellhead and represents a hazard due to increased wellhead pressure and the gas inventory. Compromised well integrity can have catastrophic consequences on both environmental and safety aspects.Most regulations require the monitoring, testing and, eventually, the elimination of SCP. However, test data analysis is predominantly qualitative and limited to arbitrary criteria. Due to the high percentage of wells that present SCP, accurate, safe and preferably fast testing methods are needed. This paper implements an analytical model, rooted in the transport processes and thermodynamics of the system, to predict pressure profiles and gas accumulation during SCP testing from early-time pressure buildup data. The amount of gas accumulated during different testing criteria, being 1) current practices and 2) early diagnostic by the analytical model, is calculated and compared. Results show that using the analytical model as a predictive tool, testing time is reduced significantly, thereby limiting the amount of gas accumulated and reducing the risk. This makes the testing procedure inherently safer as well as less time consuming.     

Ethics and governance for internet-based conservation science research

Internet-based research is increasingly important for conservation science and has wide-ranging applications and contexts, including culturomics, illegal wildlife trade, and citizen science. However, online research methods pose a range of ethical and legal challenges. Online data may be protected by copyright, database rights, or contract law. Privacy rights may also restrict the use and access of data, as well as ethical requirements from institutions. Online data have real-world meaning, and the ethical treatment of individuals and communities must not be marginalized when conducting internet-based research. As ethics frameworks originally developed for biomedical applications are inadequate for these methods, we propose that research activities involving the analysis of preexisting online data be treated analogous to offline social science methods, in particular, nondeceptive covert observation. By treating internet users and their data with respect and due consideration, conservationists can uphold the public trust needed to effectively address real-world issues.     

核电厂管道局部壁厚减薄快速评定方法研究

目的 解决核电厂实际运行中管道壁厚局部减薄缺陷快速评定的需求.方法 基于RCC-M规范的设计基本要求和核电厂管道评估的实践经验,基于3个工程化的分析假设,提出一种管道壁厚减薄的快速评定方法.其包含三部分内容:1)最小壁厚计算;2)结构完整性评价;3)功能性评价.分别采用管道壁厚减薄快速评定方法和SYSPIPE软件有限元...     

长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理

生态功能区划是近年来我国着力建设的一个新的关于资源与环境管理的框架。首先简要讨论了生态功能区划的性质,指出生态功能区划是基于生态系统的地理框架。与生态区比较,生态功能区强调人文活动对生态系统提供产品和服务能力的影响,并反映人类的价值判断。生态功能区划的最终目的是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础,在不同尺度水平上实施“基于生态系统的管理”。以长江源区为例,进行了生态功能区划的实证分析。其基本认识是,按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元;进行生态系统描述和评价;在确定主导生态功能的基础上划分不同的生态功能区。最后讨论了按照生态系统原理对长江源生态功能分区进行管理和建设。     

Development of a Bird Integrity Index: Measuring Avian Response to Disturbance in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA

The Bird Integrity Index (BII) presented here uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts to 28 stream reaches in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Eighty-one candidate metrics were extracted from bird survey data for testing. The metrics represented aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences, foraging techniques, and nesting strategies that were expected to be positively or negatively affected by human activities in the region. To evaluate the responsiveness of each metric, it was plotted against an index of reach and watershed disturbance that included attributes of land use/land cover, road density, riparian cover, mining impacts, and percent area in clearcut and partial-cut logging. Nine of the 81 candidate bird metrics remained after eliminating unresponsive and highly correlated metrics. Individual metric scores ranged from 0 to 10, and BII scores varied between 0 and 100. BII scores varied from 78.6 for a minimally disturbed, reference stream reach to 30.4 for the most highly disturbed stream reach. The BII responded clearly to varying riparian conditions and to the cumulative effects of disturbances, such as logging, grazing, and mining, which are common in the mountains of eastern Oregon. This BII for eastern Oregon was compared to an earlier BII developed for the agricultural and urban disturbance regime of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The BII presented here was sensitive enough to distinguish differences in condition among stream riparian zones with disturbances that were not as obvious or irreversible as those in the agricultural/urban conditions of western Oregon.     

基于保护层风险分析的液氯充装系统SIL审核评估研究

研究借助GB/T 20438—2006的系统安全完整性理念,在分析了液氯充装系统工艺流程的基础上,建立了液氯充装系统的4个独立保护层并对其进行了安全性分析,根据液氯充装的危险性,确立了液氯充装系统的安全完整性等级为SIL3。从系统安全完整性出发,对系统安全性要求分配进行了探讨,提出了以各保护层失效概率为基础的液氯充装系统安全完整性审核评估,为系统的风险分析评估提供了一种新的思路。     

The Multiple Benchmark System Application to Indonesia,Russia and Panama

Joint Implementation (JI) and theClean Development Mechanism (CDM) have beenestablished under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol asproject-based instruments to mitigategreenhouse gases of the industrialisedcountries to the levels imposed by theirKyoto commitments. An outstanding issueassociated with the implementation of thesetwo flexibility mechanisms concerns thechoice of appropriate baseline forcalculating the emission reductions. Thispaper applies a computerised tool thatconstructs and compares different types ofstandardised baselines for projects inIndonesia, Panama and the RussianFederation. It evaluates the effects of theselection of different baselines to theenvironmental integrity of the two Kyotomechanisms.     

浑太河河流生态系统完整性评价体系的构建

河流健康评价是进行河流管理的重要工具.为了对浑太河进行全面准确的健康评价，基于65个采样点共45个候选指标构建具有生物完整性、物理完整性及化学完整性在内的河流IEI（index of ecological integrity，生态系统完整性）评价体系.根据栖息地综合质量评估和水质等级确定参考样点和受损样点，通过筛选候选指标获得构建IEI评价体系的核心指标并进行标准化处理，按照层次分析法将三部分指标分别赋予不同的权重，运用比值法及分位数法算出各采样点的得分，最终得出浑太河的健康评价结果.为验证IEI评价体系的优势及结果的可靠性，将IEI、SFA（single factor assessment，单因子评价）、F-IBI（fish index of biological intergrity，鱼类生物完整性）3种评价结果进行对比分析.结果表明:①雅罗鱼亚科百分比、鲤亚科百分比、杂食性鱼类百分比、护卵行为鱼类百分比、流速、底质含沙量比例、草地面积、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Mn）、电导率及ρ（SS）可作为构建IEI评价体系的12个核心指标.②IEI评价结果显示，"健康"样点占24.62%，"较好"样点占9.20%，"一般"样点占6.15%，"较差"样点占60.03%.浑太河水生态健康状况整体较差，中上游地区的水生态健康状况优于下游地区，太子河的水生态健康状况优于浑河.③IEI、F-IBI、SFA评价结果在一般以下样点分别占66.18%、67.70%、63.08%，3种评价结果在全河流范围内大体一致，但在点源污染的采样点，IEI评价结果更贴近采样点的实际情况，更为客观.研究显示，构建的IEI评价体系适用于浑太河的健康评价.      

基于水电梯级开发的河流生态健康研究

为进一步了解水电开发对河流健康的影响,本文以雅砻江下游水电梯级开发为例,构建河流健康评价指标体系,选择无人为干扰和干扰较小的河流为参照,以指标变化率衡量水电梯级开发前后河流受扰动程度,分别采用综合评价法和赋值评分法进行了定量评价。综合评价结果显示,雅砻江下游河段的综合健康指数为0.71,该研究区域在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的综合健康指数分别为0.74、0.70和0.69,均处于亚健康状态;赋值评分法结果显示建库前的河流健康指数(River health index,RHI)为19.1,等级为健康,建库后为14.3,等级为亚健康,两种方法评价结果基本一致。本文以期完善河流健康评价体系,并为生态修复提供依据。     

Ecological risk as a tool for evaluating the effects of offshore wind farm construction in the North Sea

Offshore wind power generation represents a chance to supply energy in a more sustainable way; however, the ecological risks associated with the construction and operation of offshore wind farms are still largely unknown. This paper uses the concept of ecological risk for analysing ecological changes during construction of offshore wind farms. “Ecological risk” is defined as the potentially reduced ability of providing ecosystem services. The ERSEM ecosystem model allows assessing ecological risk based on a number of selected variables (integrity indicators) and under the assumption that increased suspended matter concentration during construction of wind farms affects ecosystem functioning. We conclude that ecological risk is adequate to describe the effects of wind farm constructions, although the computation procedure still needs to be refined and the choice of indicators further optimised. In this context, the choice of indicators available in modelling as well as in monitoring time-series may offer the way forward.