Tapping the leakages: Methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.With this background the paper concludes that the methane emissions from the Russian natural gas long distance network are approximately 0.6% of the natural gas delivered. Mitigating these emissions can create new revenue streams for the operator in the form of reduced costs, increased gas throughput and sales, and earned carbon credits. Specific emissions sources that have cost-effective mitigation solutions are also opportunities for outside investment for the Joint Implementation Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanism or other carbon markets.     

珠江三角洲都市圈旅游空间均衡发展

考察珠江三角洲都市圈旅游空间均衡发展状况并探讨其机制。计算各城市旅游发展区位商,显示区位商≥1的城市数目有增多趋势;其旅游收入和旅游人数占都市圈整体平均百分比有下降趋势,2000年为19.76%,2008年下降至12.83%。珠江三角洲都市圈旅游发展在空间上趋向均衡合理,旅游空间均衡发展在时间上呈增强趋势。运用系统聚类方法,选取2007年统计数据,考察珠江三角洲都市圈旅游发展空间结构现状,发现其内部城市可以划分三个等级,即广州和深圳属第一等级,第二等级包括珠海和东莞,佛山、惠州、江门、中山和肇庆属第三等级。最后借助空间相互作用理论,从互补性、可达性和替代性等方面探讨了珠江三角洲都市圈旅游空间均衡发展的机制。     

Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.     

水稻秸秆生物碳对重金属Pb2+的吸附作用及影响因素

以农业废弃物水稻秸秆为原料,采用限氧裂解法制备了不同温度(350、500和700℃)下的秸秆生物碳(RC350、RC500和RC700),研究了生物碳对Pb2+的吸附性能、作用机制及影响因素,为准确预测生物碳还田固碳对土壤中重金属迁移行为的影响提供理论参考.结果表明,生物碳对Pb2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学方程,Pb2+在RC350、RC500、RC700上的吸附速率分别为0.167h-1、0.154h-1、0.388h-1;其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量分别为65.3、85.7和76.3mg·g-1,是原秸秆生物质RC100的5～6倍、活性炭AC的2～3倍.生物碳单位面积上的有效吸附点位比AC高约10倍.经酸化去除表面矿物成分后,RC350和RC700对Pb2+的吸附能力急剧下降,其最大吸附量、吸附亲和力与AC相近;红外光谱分析表明,去灰分后生物碳上有机碳官能团并无明显减少,而无机矿物(如SiO2)含量显著降低.生物碳中的有机碳组分和无机矿物组分对其吸附Pb2+均有重要贡献,其中无机矿物组分的吸附量及亲和力均大于有机碳组分.     

低温微生物低温适应性的机制及其应用前景

低温微生物由于长期生活在寒冷的环境中,在自然选择的作用下形成一套独特的与低温环境相适应的细胞结构和分子机制。从细胞结构、组成的变化,以及分子水平等角度阐述了近年来国内外有关低温微生物低温适应性机制的研究进展;探讨了低温微生物在环境净化、食品化工和医药等行业中的广泛应用前景。     

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of pentachlorophenol based on superoxide radicals

Pentachlorophenol could be photocatalytically reduced with superoxide radicals in aqueous solution under simulated sunlight irradiation.     

利用等效水力传导系数在地下水与地表水交互影响模拟中的应用

在滨海地区的环境管理工作中,地表水—地下水交互影响的重要性日益凸显。一方面在湿地系统的研究中,交互影响对地下水系统有着巨大的影响;另一方面,在河流——地下水系统中,大尺度管理模型的建立也是一个难题。因此,将等效水力传导系数的概念引入环境管理之中以解决这些问题。等效水力传导系数的推导过程是基于明渠流曼宁公式建立的,完成地表水系统与地下水系统的统一。最后,以抽水井管理为例,对该方法进行了演示。     

GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》分析

研究了GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》的制定背景,分析了该标准的制定过程,主要介绍了该标准4个可靠性目标及信息流,简述了每个目标的6个组成部分,详细阐述了13项规范性可靠性活动.     

桂西北峰丛洼地泉水和溪流在降雨过程中的水化学动态变化特征

通过对中国科学院环江喀斯特农业生态系统观测研究站所在区域的泉水和溪流在降雨时的连续采集,发现二者的水化学特征对降雨的响应较快,但变化却不同。降雨时泉水的pH值在降雨时降低,电导率和主要离子浓度升高,SI降低,pCO2升高,而溪流的电导率和主要离子浓度降低,碳酸盐矿物饱和指数(SI)降低,水中二氧化碳分压(pCO2)降低。降雨时泉水和溪流的溶质输移速率明显增加,但没有表现出在连续降雨中因为降雨强度大输移速率就高的现象,从而推断,除了雨水的稀释作用和"土壤CO2效应"外,土壤包气带的"前水"以及土壤中可交换态离子也影响了降雨时峰丛洼地水体中溶质的运移。