Removal of elemental mercury by KI-impregnated clay

This study described the use of clay impregnated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury (Hg^o) removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, O₂, SO₂ and H₂O on Hg^o removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg^o removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level (approximately 80 %) after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg^o removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. O₂ was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg^o removal. O₂ was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I₂ on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg^o directly. NO and SO₂ could slightly improve Hg^o removal, while H₂O inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.     

粘土防渗尾矿库地震永久位移数值模拟

我国目前的防渗尾矿库数量越来越多,但对其动力分析相对较少。结合工程实际,使用FLAC2D软件建立了有限差分数值模型,对采用粘土垫层防渗的尾矿库进行二维地震动力响应分析,并将计算得到的坝顶最大水平位移与传统简化方法的计算结果进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,由于数值分析考虑了尾矿坝对地震波的放大效应,通过有限差分数值模型计算的水平位移比简化方法的计算结果大60%。参数分析表明:防渗垫层的抗剪强度对于尾矿库动力响应影响较大,其虽有一定隔震作用,使得防渗层上部的最大水平加速度低于其下部的最大水平加速度约5%~30%,但随着防渗垫层抗剪强度的降低,尾矿库的失稳模式由经过尾矿内部的圆弧形滑动向经过防渗层的楔形滑动转变,尾矿库的屈服加速度显著降低,永久水平位移从小于5cm增加到近70cm,可能造成震陷等灾害。该分析方法和结果对于地震区防渗尾矿库工程的设计有一定的参考价值。     

坡缕石黏土污泥对水相中亚甲基蓝吸附研究

利用坡缕石黏土污泥(从木质素磺酸钠废水中得到)和酸化的坡缕石黏土(1mol/L盐酸)作为吸附剂对水相中的亚甲基蓝进行吸附研究,并利用透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)及Zeta电位分析对两种吸附剂的结构及表面电性进行了表征.结果表明:当吸附剂用量为10mg,温度为30℃时,1mol/L盐酸酸化的坡缕石黏土最大吸附量为97.50mg/g,坡缕石黏土污泥最大吸附量为98.7mg/g.选取坡缕石黏土污泥作为最佳吸附剂,对污泥吸附亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线、吸附热力学及吸附动力学模型进行了研究,结果显示:此吸附过程为自发吸热过程,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.     

改性黏土絮凝海洋原甲藻对水体中氮、磷的影响研究

通过对比研究典型有害微藻海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg)自然消亡(A1组)及改性黏土絮凝(A2组)两种体系,考察两体系中氮、磷等主要水质因子的变化情况.结果表明,改性黏土能有效去除P. micans并影响其后期生长状态,0.4g/L改性黏土添加3.5h后去除率可达60%以上,且藻密度无二次增长.改性黏土絮凝藻华过程中能有效去除水体营养元素, A2组DIP和DIN较A1组分别降低85%和35%.另外,添加改性黏土对水体有机氮、磷影响值得关注,第33d A2组TON和TOP较A1组分别减少约120, 6μmol/L. 改性黏土对有机氮、磷存在一定的埋存保护作用,通过吸附絮凝、螯合等作用使有机氮、磷脱离水体系统,而自然消亡体系中的微藻消亡后将通过分解、矿化等过程快速进入水体参与再循环.该研究系统阐述了改性黏土絮凝P. micans对水体营养环境的影响,以期为现场治理提供理论支持.     

有机黏土对污染土中HCH的固定及黑麦草生长的影响

在温室条件下,利用黑麦草盆栽实验研究了有机黏土对污染土壤中六六六的吸附固定效果及其对黑麦草生长的影响.结果表明, 添加有机黏土可以有效固定污染土中的六六六,降低其移动性和生物有效性,减少六六六在黑麦草中的积累.与对照相比,添加1%~8%有机黏土可固定土壤中50.4%~78.5%的六六六,当添加比例为8%时,黑麦草地上部分和根系中六六六的含量分别降低了53.9%~87.6%和37.4%~56.6%,各种处理的效果与对照相比均达到显著差异(P < 0.05).添加1%~4%有机黏土,能有效促进黑麦草茎叶部分的生长.     

考虑非线性吸附时溶质在有限厚度粘土中的一维扩散解

在采用非线性分段式吸附等温模式的基础上,建立了溶质在粘土中的一维扩散模型,在考虑有限厚度边界及土中溶质背景浓度的条件下得到了相应的解.模型引入了移动边界以说明当溶质在粘土孔隙水中的浓度达到某一较高值后,阻滞因子将发生显著变化.算例分析表明,该模型和考虑经典非线性吸附等温线得到的结果相差不大,这进一步说明了该模型的合理性.考虑非线性吸附效应对溶质迁移有重要影响.在较高溶质浓度下采用线性吸附等温模式会得到偏不安全的结果.该解相对较简单,并可用于验证各种数值模型、拟合试验数据等.     

Programmed cell death induced by modified clay in controlling Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom

Modified clay (MC), an effective material used for the emergency elimination of algal blooms, can rapidly reduce the biomass of harmful algal blooms (HABs) via flocculation. After that, MC can still control bloom population through indirect effects such as oxidative stress, which was initially proposed to be related to programmed cell death (PCD) at molecular level. To further study the MC induced cell death in residual bloom organisms, especially identifying PCD process, we studied the physiological state of the residual Prorocentrum donghaiense. The experimental results showed that flocculation changed the physiological state of the residual cells, as evidenced by growth inhibition and increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, this research provides biochemical and ultrastructural evidence showing that MC induces PCD in P. donghaiense. Nuclear changes were observed, and increased caspase-like activity, externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation were detected in MC-treated groups and quantified. And the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in both MC-treated groups. Besides, the features of MC-induced PCD in a unicellular organism were summarized and its concentration dependent manner was proved. All our preliminary results elucidate the mechanism through which MC can further control HABs by inducing PCD and suggest a promising application of PCD in bloom control.     

表面活性剂对土壤粘粒絮凝-分散的影响

以浙江红壤为例,研究了两种阴离子表面活性剂和一种非离子表面活性剂对土壤粘粒悬浮液稳定性的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用影响较大,且非离子表面活性剂的影响大于阴离子表面活性剂的影响.表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用主要是土壤颗粒对表面活性剂的电性吸附和配位吸附所致.表面活性剂进入土壤环境,会导致土壤粒子的分散,流动性增加;其结果是:一方面加重水土流失,另一方面使水环境污染程度加深.      

Adsorption/Desorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Solid Substrates and Relevant Biodegradation

The rates and extents of absorption and desorption of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) samples on different solid substrates comprising montmorillonite, quartz sand, and farm soil, as well as humic acid mixture are reported. The uptake of PVA by the substrates was analyzed as a function of PVA hydrolysis (72–98%), molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. Higher adsorption was detected on montmorillonite followed by farm soil, whereas the quartz sand did not display any specific adsorption affinity for the PVA. An increase in the hydrolysis degree of PVA increased the adsorption rate and extent whereas this feature was reversed by an increase in PVA molecular weight. The desorption of PVA samples from the different substrates was performed both under various pH conditions and in the presence of concentrated HF that was used to dissolve the silicon derivatives present in the substrates. Biodegradation experiments carried out in liquid cultures of PVA adsorbed on montmorillonite showed that the mineralization of the adsorbed PVA was much lower than that detected for the nonadsorbed PVA. This investigation suggests that irreversible adsorption of PVA on the clay component occurs in soil, thus substantially inhibiting PVA biodegradation.     

瓷土矿尾矿沙山的生态治理

以江西省星子县大排岭瓷土矿尾矿沙山的初始生态恢复进程为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,通过分析人工恢复林地、未治理迹地与自然恢复地中定居的植物物种数量、群落组成与结构来研究当地尾矿沙山生态恢复进程.结果显示,自然恢复地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构效果优于未治理迹地与人工恢复林地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构.自然恢复地植物物种中牡荆等3种植物在尾矿沙山的定居和扩散形成了具有一定组成与结构的植物群落类型,且这种群落类型稳定并符合植被演替的自然规律.这3种先锋植物可以在同类矿山尾矿沙山的植被重建与恢复中推广.