APPLICATION OF THE GREEN-AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION TO WATERSHED MODELING1

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed, based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, to computed rainfall excess for a single precipitation event. The model requires an estimate of parameters related to hydraulic conductivity, wetting front section, and fillable porosity of the soil layers. Values of parameters were estimated from soil textural averages or regression equations based on percent sand, percent clay, and porosity. Average values of effective porosity and wetting front suction were largely acceptable due to the relatively low variability and low model sensitivity to the parameters. Hydraulic conductivity was the most erratic constituent of the loss rate computation due to the high variability and the high sensitivity of the computed infiltration to the parameter. The performance of the Green-Ampt infiltration model was tested through a comparison with the SCS curve number procedure. Seven watersheds and 23 storms with precipitation of one inch or greater were used in the comparison. For storms with less than one inch of rainfall excess, the SCS curve number procedure generally gave the best results; however, for six of the seven storms with precipitation excess greater than one inch, the Green-Ampt procedure delivered better results. In this comparison, both procedures used the same initial abstractions. The separation of rainfall losses into infiltration, interception, and surface retention is, in theory, an accurate method of estimating precipitation excess. In the second phase of the study using nine watersheds and 39 storms, interception and surface retention losses were computed by the Horton equations. Green-Ampt and interception parameters were estimated from value sin the literature, while the surface retention parameter was calibrated so that the computed runoff volumes matched observed volumes. A relationship was found between the surface retention storage capacity and the 15-day antecedent precipitation index, month of year, and precipitation amount.     

黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶截留动态研究

用定位观测的方法研究了人工油松林枯枝落叶的截流量及其截留的动态过程。结果表明,黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶的截流量年均为49.3mm,截留率为12.5%。枯枝落叶截留的动态过程受大气降水和环境因子的影响较大,也与其自身湿润程度有关。在次降水过程中,其截留的过程是当降水开始时,截留量增加迅速;降水持续到一定时间后,截流量的增量变小,达到最大值后,截流量在此处上下增减。枯枝落叶截留的动态过程可用直线和正弦函数的组合描述,且该函数能揭示枯枝落叶截留的生物学特性和环境因素对其过程的影响。该模型在计算森林水文及其水土保持效应评价中有广泛的应用前景。     

连云港市新海地区水污染集中控制系统

本文论述了连云港市新海地区水污染集中控制系统的四个主要问题：尾水最终出口，污水截流工程，污水集中处理工艺、点源治理规划。提出了的近北远南，截流沟道、河滩漫流、排口分级管理的新观点。     

iTree‐Hydro: Snow Hydrology Update For The Urban Forest Hydrology Model1

Yang, Yang, Theodore A. Endreny, and David J. Nowak, 2011. iTree‐Hydro: Snow Hydrology Update for the Urban Forest Hydrology Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1211–1218. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00564.x Abstract: This article presents snow hydrology updates made to iTree‐Hydro, previously called the Urban Forest Effects—Hydrology model. iTree‐Hydro Version 1 was a warm climate model developed by the USDA Forest Service to provide a process‐based planning tool with robust water quantity and quality predictions given data limitations common to most urban areas. Cold climate hydrology routines presented in this update to iTree‐Hydro include: (1) snow interception to simulate the capture of snow by the vegetation canopy, (2) snow unloading to simulate the release of snow triggered by wind, (3) snowmelt to simulate the solid to liquid phase change using a heat budget, and (4) snow sublimation to simulate the solid to gas phase via evaporation. Cold climate hydrology routines were tested with research‐grade snow accumulation and weather data for the winter of 1996‐1997 at Umpqua National Forest, Oregon. The Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency for open area snow accumulation was 0.77 and the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency for under canopy was 0.91. The USDA Forest Service offers iTree‐Hydro for urban forest hydrology simulation through http://www.iTreetools.org .     

红壤丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降化学特征及森林冠层对其截留作用机制

通过对亚热带千烟洲流域的冬季湿沉降化学特征及森林穿透雨进行研究,揭示亚热带流域森林冠层对大气湿沉降中的营养元素(C、N、P、S)及金属元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Zn)的截留与作用机制.结果表明:1亚热带丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降以酸沉降为主,p H变化范围在3.49~7.0之间,冬季酸沉降离子中以SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为主,其月平均沉降通量分别为4.68 kg·hm~(-2)和0.36 kg·hm~(-2),痕量金属元素中以Zn、K、Ca沉降为主,其沉降通量分别为1.72、0.56、0.36 kg·hm~(-2);2森林林冠对溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性总氮(DTN)、总磷(TP)以及痕量元素Ca、Mg、Mn有明显的截留与离释作用,离释百分比达到64.69%、206.75%、301.38%、137.94%、405.25%、1 226.60%;而对Zn、SO2-4具有很好的吸收作用,吸收百分比为73.50%和12.51%,显著降低了亚热带流域冬季酸沉降对土壤生态系统的危害.     

USE OF TIME-LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY TO ASSESS POTENTIAL INTERCEPTION IN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE1

ABSTRACT: The behavior of intercepted snow on a stand of uneven-aged ponderosa pine in east-central Arizona was evaluated with the use of a super 8-mm time lapse movie camera to determine the relative significance of snowfall interception in the water yield of this type forest. A snow load index was developed to estimate interception storage for two trees in the field of view for discrete time periods. The snow load index. photographs, and climatic data were combined to describe accumulation and to identify and rank according to relative magnitudes the basic processes of canopy snow removal. The rate of snow accumulation was nonlinear with initial storage being rapid. then slowing with time. Most of the intercepted snow eventually reached the snowpack on the ground by snowslide and wind erosion or by snowmelt and subsequent stemflow and drippmg of meltwater, and was therefore not considered a significant loss to the water budget on site. Some water apparently was disposed of by the evaporation of meltwater and sublimation of canopy snow, but these losses appeared to be comparatively minor.     

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under different soil moisture levels near Nairobi, Kenya

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv GLP-2 under two soil moisture levels in two contrasting seasons near Nairobi, Kenya were investigated. The experiment confirms that dry weights and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris are limited by a drought induced decrease in leaf area, leading to less radiation interception as a source for assimilation. However, photosynthetic efficiency in Phaseolus vulgaris also appears to decrease and to contribute to these effects. Finally, an even larger decreases of economic efficiency as obtained in the second season, where stress lasted much later into the season, reveals that such a drought also limits considerably the partitioning and translocation of assimilates to the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. The efficiencies obtained are in line with the better literature data for other crops.     

主动防护系统拦截误差分析及模型构建

目的 建立主动防护系统拦截误差数学模型.方法 详细分析主动防护系统的拦截过程,依据主动防护系统的作用原理对拦截过程进行数学模型构建.分析主动防护系统拦截过程中可能出现的误差,研究来袭目标的位置误差、速度误差、高低角误差、方向角误差,拦截弹的速度误差、高低角误差、方位角误差对来袭目标位置和拦截弹位置的影响,并进行模型构建.结果 确定了来袭目标的位置误差、速度误差、高低角误差、方向角误差引起的来袭目标被拦截位置偏差;确定了拦截弹药的速度误差、高低角误差、方位角误差引起的拦截弹药战斗部爆炸位置偏差.结论 基于拦截弹药和来袭目标的位置偏差模型,构建了主动防护系统拦截误差模型,为主动防护系统的研发和科研试验的开展提供了必要的技术支持和理论参考.     

调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的工程应用及评价

为评价调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的运行效果和经济效益,采用现场调研长期跟踪监测调蓄经济植物湿地进、出水水质和水量变化,深入探索其营养盐质量浓度分布特征及其去除效能.结果表明:①调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留营养盐,稳定出水水质,2015年7月-2017年4月出水ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（COD_Cr）平均值分别为1.2、0.07和17.0 mg/L,TN、TP和COD_Cr去除率分别为65.8%、75.5%和41.3%.②不同调蓄量下TN和TP去除率随着进水水量的增大而减小,表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期;COD_Cr去除率与调蓄量之间呈负相关,表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;在调蓄经济植物湿地中单位面积TN、TP和COD_Cr去除负荷量表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.③调蓄经济植物湿地中莲藕、海菜花和螺蛳产量分别为26.25、22.50和2.46 t/（hm2·a）,氮、磷去除总量分别为275和30 kg/（hm2·a）.研究显示,调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留氮、磷,在不同水文期均有良好的净化效果,不仅具备景观效益,且具有良好的经济价值.      

基于SWMM的滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行效能分析

滇池环湖截污干渠工程是滇池环湖截污体系的重要组成部分,利用SWMM模型对滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行情况进行模拟,并对其运行效能进行分析。分析结果表明:典型降雨年景(降雨保证率分别为29.7%、93.8%和82.8%)下滇池环湖截污干渠对现状汇水范围内全年产生的污水收集率为29.52%~51.68%,对设计服务范围内产生的污水收集处理率为46.3%~67.9%。环湖截污干渠系统旱季收集处理效率明显高于雨季,各截污片区收集处理率存在明显差异。当重现期≤0.2年时环湖截污系统现状汇水范围内产生的污水及地表径流均能够被收集与处理;当重现期≤0.25年时环湖截污系统设计服务范围内产生的污水及地表径流能够完全被收集与处理。