企业安全确认管理系统的设计及机制研究

通过对安全确认制发展应用状况的总结分析,重新界定了安全确认制的基本内涵,并进一步分析了其主要特点。在此基础上,针对企业安全事故发生的内在机理,指出导致事故发生的根本原因是人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态。通过剖析安全确认制的作用机理,揭示其杜绝不安全因素,防止事故发生,实现企业本质化安全生产的意义。提出了企业安全确认管理的一般流程框架并给出企业安全确认管理工作开展的步骤及建议。设计出企业安全确认管理系统,分析其内部机制,将整个系统分为7个子系统,进一步理清了企业安全确认管理系统构建的思路。     

Evaluation of natural radioactivity in soil, sediment and water samples of Niger Delta (Biseni) flood plain lakes, Nigeria

This paper presents the findings of a baseline study undertaken to evaluate the natural radioactivity levels in soil, sediment and water samples in four flood plain lakes of the Niger Delta using a hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity profile of radionuclides shows low activity across the study area. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K is 20 ± 3, 20 ± 3 and 180 ± 50 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 76 ± 14 Bq kg⁻¹, 30 ± 5.5 ηGy h⁻¹, 37 ± 6.8 μSv y⁻¹, 0.17 and 0.23 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Ra_eq), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (E_ff Dose), External Hazard Index (H_ex) and Internal Hazard Index (H_in) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The soil and sediments from the study area provide no excessive exposures for inhabitants and can be used as construction materials without posing any significant radiological threat to the population. The water is radiologically safe for domestic and industrial use. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population of the Biseni kingdom.     

海岸地区基于AERMOD的热力内边界层对大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

海岸地区热力内边界层(TIBL)对大气污染物扩散具有重要影响。选取杭州湾地区某区域为模拟区,采用一个TIBL高度的简单计算模式模拟模拟区的TIBL高度,将其耦合到空气质量模式AERMOD中,并对AERMOD的相关模块和参数进行了相应的修改,再分别利用原AERMOD和改进后的AERMOD,模拟了不同污染源情景下的大气污染物地面浓度分布。结果表明,在多数情况下,由于TIBL对于大气污染物扩散空间的限制,大气污染物的地面最大浓度有所升高,地面浓度的高值区范围也有所增加,具体影响特征取决于污染源与TIBL的相对高度以及污染源距离海岸的相对位置。     

Chemical and Physical Controls on the Oxygen Regime of Ice‐Covered Arctic Lakes and Reservoirs1

Abstract: We examined the chemical, morphological, and anthropogenic controls on winter‐oxygen biogeochemistry in ice‐covered lakes and reservoirs on the North Slope of Alaska. We measured dissolved oxygen (DO), solute concentrations, water depth, and ice thickness at three natural thaw lakes and four reservoirs (flooded gravel mines) for two winters. In all seven study sites, DO concentration and pH decreased with depth, and temporally through the winter (November to April). DO concentration was four to six times greater in the deeper reservoirs (8‐13 mg/l) compared with shallow natural lakes (ca. 2 mg/l). Lakes and reservoirs with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were susceptible to large decreases in oxygen over the winter. DO concentration differed markedly between years, but was not attributed to changes in water‐use or winter water‐chemistry. Alternatively, we suggest that dissolved oxygen concentration was lower during freeze‐up, possibly associated with higher lake‐productivity during the summer. Our results suggest that current water‐use practices on the North Slope of Alaska caused little to no change in DO concentration over the winter. In particular, considering the high pumping activity and shallow depth, lakes with low DOC concentration (≤6 mg/l) showed strong resilience to change in chemistry over the winter. We suggest that both lake and reservoir depth, and DOC concentration are key factors influencing oxygen consumption in ice‐covered arctic lakes and reservoirs.     

内循环厌氧反应器多相流流场的三维数值分析简

利用数值模拟的方法，引入欧拉双流体多相流模型及标准k-ε紊流模型，模拟计算内循环厌氧反应器的三相流三维流场，并通过改变污泥颗粒密度及进水流量，针对固相流速及固含率的变化情况，分析条件的改变对流场的影响。研究结果表明，应用数值模拟方法可以获得内循环厌氧反应器内的流场特征；污泥颗粒密度及进水流量的改变对于反应器内污泥颗粒的流速及分布的均匀性有较为明显的影响。模拟结果对反应器的应用及优化设计具有一定的参考价值。     

中国城市包容度与流动人口的社会融合

当前中国流动人口规模、流向、结构、流动模式和群体利益诉求都在发生深刻变化,滋生出一系列经济社会发展的重大问题,其中社会融合问题受到各界最广泛关注。社会融合问题从城市层面看就是"城市包容度"问题,该命题新、难度大、范围广,国内外研究成果较少。本研究以此为核心,创新性构建了以社会保险参加情况、劳动权益保障程度、公共服务享受范围为主要准则的城市包容度综合指标体系,运用主成分分析法合成"城市包容度综合指数",进而通过非线性离散选择模型探讨流动人口长期居住意愿、落户难度、就业稳定度与城市包容度指标之间的相关关系。基于国家卫生计生委流动人口动态监测数据(2013—2014年)开展研究,主要结论为:中国城市包容度水平越高的城市,流动人口长期居住意愿越强、落户越容易、就业越稳定。进而提出政策建议:建立完善的城市流动人口服务和安置政策体系,直接和间接促进流动人口社会融合;形成有效融合机制,实现居民福利最大化及城市协同发展;制定科学的产业政策和户籍制度,引导匹配城市产业结构的人口流入,实现合理布局;结合顶层设计与基层探索,实现城市包容性增长与制度改进。本文归纳总结出"两个新体系":建立了城市包容度综合指数测算体系,及应用城市包容度指数定量研究的范式体系。     

生态、经济协同发展的滨湖区空间管制分区研究——以巢湖东段为例

生态敏感性极高的滨湖区正面临着人类开发带来的环境威胁。旨在通过滨湖区空间管制，处理好保护与开发的关系，避免和减少开发过程中可能带来的负面环境问题，实现滨湖区持续、健康发展。应用模糊评价与GIS空间分析方法，首先从生态环境敏感性、经济发展潜力两大方面出发，构建了包括2项I 级指标、9项Ⅱ级指标和32项Ⅲ级指标的滨湖区空间管制分区评价指标体系；应用GIS空间分析模块，以500 m网格为基本评价单元,分别进行滨湖区的生态敏感性、经济发展潜力以及二者的叠加评价。结果显示：滨湖区从单元上可确定4类开发功能取向（适宜、较适宜、限制、禁止建设），从区域生态、经济协同发展要求下，从满足生产、生活和生态的需要，宜将滨湖区划定不同功能的空间管制区     

近三十年云南九大高原湖泊水面面积遥感变化监测

云南省九大高原湖泊对于云南省社会经济可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。利用30 m分辨率的Landsat系列遥感数据和1.5 m分辨率的SPOT6/7遥感数据分别对云南省九大高原湖泊1989,1993,2000,2007,2015年的湖面面积进行了动态监测。结果表明:云南省九大高原湖泊在1989~2015年间总体上较为稳定,湖体湖面面积共减少了约41 km~2(约4%),但各湖变化差异较大。杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积持续快速萎缩,至2015年异龙湖已萎缩了1989年湖体湖面面积的40%。其中异龙湖萎缩的主要原因是干旱和围湖造田,而滇池变化波动较大,原因主要在于工业发展及工程治理。通过对同期的Landsat 8OLI数据与SPOT6/7数据解译的杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积对比发现不同空间分辨率的解译结果有较为明显差异(2.8%和1.7%),表明在采用多源遥感数据进行湖泊面积解译时需要考虑不同空间分辨率的影响。     

内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200%的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12.7 mg/L和0.34 mg/L,去除率分别达到61.9%和89.2%。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

The European Conformity Assessment Procedures and the Quality Assurance Instruments for Personal Protective Equipment in the Internal Market

Conformity assessment procedures prescribed by European legislation are presented and their concrete implementation is illustrated by the example of personal protective equipment (PPE). The different categories of PPE defined by Council Directive 89/686/EEC are explained with reference to the applicable conformity assessment elements. Quality assurance of production is presented as the central element of the conformity assessment procedure for complex PPE. Special emphasis is put on the necessity of having a regular exchange of views and information among notified bodies in Europe. Ways in which third countries can eventually carry out conformity assessment on the basis of a contract with the European Community Commission are explained.