微核技术在环境监测中的应用概况

本文根据近年来我国利用微核技术监测环境污染的研究，对微核技术的基本原理及其生物学意义进行了简要的概述；并介绍了两种常用的植物微核技术－紫露草四分体微核技术和蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术；对目前我国微核技术的发展状况及存在问题进行了初浅的探讨。     

腐蚀电池法处理印染废水

提出利用铁屑和烟道灰组腐蚀电池，治理印染水的方法。该方法以电化学作用为主 有还原降解、吸附和混凝等机制。采用铁屑／烟道灰过滤－混凝组合工艺处理印染废水，出水ＣＯＤ可降至１００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，去除率达８５％以上；色度低于５０倍脱色率达９５％以上，水质清澈透明，各项指标均符合国家排放标准。     

碳纳米管对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的毒性效应及其作用机制

以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）为实验菌株,探讨不同条件下碳纳米管（CNTs）对其生长的影响,并采用SEM、EDS和FT-IR等手段分析CNTs对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的毒性机制。实验结果表明,CNTs对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans生长有抑制作用,并随着CNTs剂量的增加,毒性增大。在CNTs投加量为500 mg/L时,培养40 h后菌株的生长量OD420达到最大值0.117,低于空白组的0.163。培养温度和培养基的pH对CNTs的细胞毒性效应有较大影响,在菌体生长的适宜条件下（pH 3.0,温度为30℃）,CNTs对菌体的毒性最强。SEM、EDS和FT-IR分析结果显示,CNTs附着在细胞表面,与细胞表面的羟基、氨基等基团相互作用,并可能诱发菌体细胞产生活性氧自由基（ROS）,从而导致细胞死亡。     

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.     

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassaemia using individual fetal erythroblasts isolated from maternal blood after enrichment

Single nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) isolated from maternal circulation were used for prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassaemia. The study included 22 pregnant women in the first trimester, 6 carriers at risk for β-thalassaemia and 16 noncarriers. Methodology involved enrichment of NRBCs by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) and microdissection of single NRBCs with a laser micromanipulation system. Single-cell genotyping based on nested real-time PCR for genotyping β-globin gene mutations was performed followed by a multiplexed minifingerprinting to confirm the origin of the isolated cells and possible contamination. Two polymorphic markers (D13S314 and GABRB3) facilitated the identification of fetal NRBCs through comparison of allele sizes found in the respective parents. In this study, 224 single NRBCs were detached and transferred into individual PCR tubes. Allele amplification in at least one microsatellite marker was achieved in 128/224 cells. Minifingerprinting analysis showed that 22 cells were fetal, 26 maternal and 80 were noninformative due to ADO or homozygosity. In 6 NRBCs the β-globin gene was amplified and in 2, coming from the same pregnancy, only the paternal mutation was detected. The low PCR success when genotyping isolated NRBCs was possibly due to the poor quality of fetal NRBCs and the relatively large size of the β-globin gene product. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模拟车用工况下5 kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点，设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统，并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例，研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化，以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后，尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳，大部分工况下处在2%以下，达到了安全处理的要求；尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言，当空速低于20 000 h^-1时，氢气的去除率能达到约95%，而当空速达到39 270 h^-1时，氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题，提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求，以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。     

核基因组在细胞质雄性不育中的作用研究：背景与现状

细胞质雄性不育 (ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｔｙ ,ＣＭＳ) ,表现为小孢子发育异常、不能产生花粉或花粉败育 ,但卵细胞发育正常、可接受外来花粉而正常结实 ,系母性遗传 ,即细胞质遗传[1～ 4 ] .ＣＭＳ的重要性 ,首先表现为在农业生产上的巨大经济应用价值[2～ 4 ] .杂种优势的发现和利用为粮食生产带来了革命 ,但杂种种子的生产过程却是很繁杂的 ,核心是要阻止母本的自花授粉结实、保证母本植株上所结的种子全部是杂种 ,即种子的纯度很高才能保证农业生产上的应用 .ＣＭＳ ,由于其不能产生可育的花粉 ,即无自花授粉结…     

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯致小鼠肥大细胞DNA损伤的初步研究

为探讨邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)对小鼠肥大细胞DNA的损伤作用,采用不同浓度BBP(0、4、20、100μmol·L-1)对体外培养的小鼠肥大细胞染毒60min,应用单细胞凝胶电泳法和KCl-SDS沉淀法检测细胞DNA断裂和DNA-蛋白质交联.结果表明,低、中、高浓度(4、20、100μmol·L-1)的BBP均可引起小鼠肥大细胞DNA损伤,低浓度BBP引起的DNA损伤主要以DNA断裂为主,而中、高浓度BBP引起的DNA损伤主要以DNA-蛋白质交联为主。     

微囊藻毒素对束丝藻细胞生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为从活性氧(ROS)角度探讨微囊藻毒素(MC)导致藻类细胞死亡的机理及揭示藻细胞对MC诱发的氧化胁迫的响应机制,采用50和500μg·L-1的微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)处理束丝藻(Aphanizomenon sp. DC01)细胞,测定了细胞生长、细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量及抗氧化系统的变化.结果表明,50μg·L-1的MC-LR处理对藻细胞的生长无显著影响,而500μg·L-1的MC-LR处理可诱导藻细胞死亡.50μg·L-1的MC-LR处理的藻细胞ROS含量在处理第2d显著高于对照;但藻细胞能通过还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性改变修复氧化损伤,使ROS水平在处理第3d恢复到对照水平.500μg·L-1的MC-LR处理可显著降低藻细胞GSH含量和SOD与GPX活性,刺激藻细胞生成过量的ROS;ROS在毒素处理4d后突然暴发,过量的ROS引起膜质过氧化,并最终导致藻细胞死亡。     

DEHP、DBP内分泌干扰活性的实验研究

利用MCF-7细胞增殖实验、细胞周期分析、细胞雌激素受体水平测定和断乳大鼠子宫增重实验探讨了邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)内分泌干扰活性及其可能的作用机制.结果表明,DEHP和DBP可诱导MCF-7细胞增殖、细胞内雌激素受体水平增高,对细胞周期无明显影响,DEHP不引起断乳大鼠子宫增重.推断DEHP和DBP可能并不是通过模拟雌激素而是引起体内天然激素受体水平改变等其他机制影响机体内分泌系统.