COVID-19管控前后不同污染阶段PM2.5中二次无机离子变化特征

为探讨新冠肺炎疫情(COVID-19)管控前后不同污染阶段PM_2.5中二次无机离子变化特征,使用高分辨率(1 h)在线仪器对2019年12月15日至2020年2月15日郑州冬季气象、污染气体浓度和PM_2.5中水溶性离子水平进行在线监测,分析此次COVID-19管控前后霾过程的成因、大气污染物的日变化特征和在霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征.结果表明,郑州主要受到高压脊控制,天气形势稳定,有利于大气污染物累积,二次无机气溶胶(SNA,包括SO₄^2-、NO^-₃和NH⁺₄)是水溶性离子的主要组分,占比高达90%以上,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征产生不同的影响,COVID-19期间PM_2.5在干净、发生和消散阶段的浓度比COVID-19前有所提高,但是发展阶段明显降低,居家隔离明显使PM_2.5高值降低了;NO₂、SO<...     

南京北郊冬季霾天PM2.5水溶性离子的污染特征与消光作用研究

为了探讨霾天下大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征及其对大气消光的影响,在2013年1月25日至2月3日于南京北郊进行了PM2.5连续在线监测.利用颗粒物-液体转换采集系统(PILS)连续采集水溶性样品,与离子色谱联用分析了其中SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4、Cl-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+的含量;同时采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)和空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)测量细粒子的粒径谱分布;采用三波长光声黑碳光度计(PASS-3)实时在线测量细粒子的散射和吸收消光系数;并实时监测痕量气体浓度.结果表明,观测期间霾与非霾天PM2.5中水溶性离子的总质量浓度分别为70.3μg·m-3和22.9μg·m-3;二次吸湿性组分SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4为主要的污染离子.霾天有利于SO2和NOx向SO2-4和NO-3的转化,尤其是NOx的氧化.运用多元线性回归统计方法,建立了PM2.5干消光系数与气溶胶化学成分之间的经验公式,发现NH4NO3对南京冬季消光的贡献最大,其次为(NH4)2SO4、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).两次重污染事件中,污染前体物的一次排放和二次转化的增加分别是造成离子浓度升高的主要原因.     

柠檬酸-沼气双发酵耦联工艺中钠离子的影响

提出了柠檬酸-沼气双发酵耦联工艺,用于处理柠檬酸发酵过程中产生的废水,柠檬酸废水经厌氧消化处理后作为配料水回用于下一批次的柠檬酸发酵,从而实现废水零排放。厌氧水中超过1 000mg/L的Na~+在回用过程中会严重抑制柠檬酸发酵,柠檬酸产量为118.5 g/L,较空白下降了15.6%。单因素试验表明,Na~+对柠檬酸发酵的抑制质量浓度为200 mg/L。通过对发酵过程中糖化酶、异麦芽糖酶及柠檬酸合成酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶等胞内关键酶活力变化的分析,初步探讨了其影响机理。结果表明,高达1 000 mg/L的Na~+会导致黑曲霉胞内异柠檬酸脱氢酶活力升高,柠檬酸代谢活力增强。同时,培养基中糖化酶和异麦芽糖酶活力受到抑制,发酵结束时部分糊精和异麦芽糖不能被完全降解,残总糖质量浓度升高至30 g/L,黑曲霉可利用的糖浓度减小,柠檬酸合成速率和柠檬酸产量降低。加入过量糖化酶可以有效减弱高质量浓度Na~+的抑制作用,但柠檬酸产量仍然低于去离子水发酵。     

Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei, China

Size-classified daily aerosol mass concentrations and concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were measured in Hefei,China,in four representative months between September 2012 and August 2013.An annual average mass concentration of 169.09μg/m~3 for total suspended particulate(TSP)was measured using an Andersen Mark-II cascade impactor.The seasonal average mass concentration was highest in winter(234.73μg/m~3)and lowest in summer(91.71μg/m~3).Water-soluble ions accounted for 59.49%,32.90%,48.62%and 37.08%of the aerosol mass concentration in winter,spring,summer,and fall,respectively,which indicated that ionic species were the primary constituents of the atmospheric aerosols.The four most abundant ions were NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+) and NH_4~+.With the exception of Ca~(2+),the mass concentrations of water-soluble ions were in an intermediate range compared with the levels for other Chinese cities.Sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium were the dominant fine-particle species,which were bimodally distributed in spring,summer and fall;however,the size distribution became unimodal in winter,with a peak at 1.1–2.1μm.The Ca~(2+) peak occurred at approximately 4.7–5.8μm in all seasons.The cation to anion ratio was close to 1.4,which suggested that the aerosol particles were alkalescent in Hefei.The average NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)mass ratio was 1.10 in Hefei,which indicated that mobile source emissions were predominant.Significant positive correlation coefficients between the concentrations of NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+ and NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)and NO_3~-,and Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+) were also indicated,suggesting that aerosol particles may be present as(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4HSO_4,and NH_4NO_3.     

Enhanced dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol by recoverable Ni/Fe–Fe3O4 nanocomposites

Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites were synthesized for dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP). The effects of the Ni content in Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites, solution pH, and common dissolved ions on the dechlorination efficiency were investigated, in addition to the reusability of the nanocomposites. The results showed that increasing content of Ni in Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites, from 1 to 5 wt.%, greatly increased the dechlorination efficiency; the Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites had much higher dechlorination efficiency than bare Ni/Fe nanoparticles. Ni content of 5 wt.% and initial p H below 6.0 was found to be the optimal conditions for the catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-DCP. Both 2,4-DCP and the intermediate product 2-chlorophenol(2-CP) were completely removed, and the concentration of the final product phenol was close to the theoretical phenol production from complete dechlorination of 20 mg/L of 2,4-DCP, after 3 hr reaction at initial p H value of 6.0,3 g/L Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 , 5 wt.% Ni content in the composite, and temperature of 22℃. 2,4-DCP dechlorination was enhanced by Cl-and inhibited by NO3-and SO_4~(2-). The nanocomposites were easily separated from the solution by an applied magnetic field. When the catalyst was reused, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP was almost 100% for the first seven uses, and gradually decreased to 75% in cycles 8–10. Therefore, the Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites can be considered as a potentially effective tool for remediation of pollution by 2,4-DCP.     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

北京灰霾天PM_(2.5)中有机官能团和无机离子的ATR-FTIR研究

采用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)研究北京西北城区灰霾天气下PM_(2.5)中有机官能团(R-OH羟基、R-CH脂肪族碳氢基、R-CO-羰基、R-NO2硝基官能团)和无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)的变化规律.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)的ATR-FTIR吸收峰值高于有机官能团(R-CH,R-CO-,R-NO_2,R-OH)的峰值;有机官能团R-CH的吸收峰峰值高于R-CO-和R-NO_2官能团的吸收峰,R-OH官能团的吸收峰峰值最低.灰霾天PM_(2.5)中各有机官能团和无机离子的ATR-FTIR吸收峰值明显高于非灰霾天.说明灰霾天气下PM_(2.5)中这些官能团及无机离子的质量浓度均高于非灰霾天.灰霾天PM_(2.5)中无机离子(NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)质量浓度高于有机官能团(R-CH,R-CO-,R-NO_2,R-OH)的质量浓度,且有机官能团以R-CH为主,R-CO-,R-NO_2次之,R-OH最少.     

泰山顶夏季大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的浓度及其粒径分布研究

为研究我国华北地区大气污染区域传输过程,2006-06在泰山日观峰上的泰山气象站,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱(IC)进行了分析.结果表明,SO2-4、NH 4、K 的浓度在0.43～0.65 μm出现峰值;Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;NO-3、Na 、Cl-的浓度在0.43～0.65 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,高浓度的硫酸盐的质量中位直径在0.5～0.8 μm,属于"液滴模态".二次离子(SO2-4-、NH 4、NO-3)和K 浓度变化很剧烈,其它离子浓度变化不大.其中SO2-4的变化幅度最大,最低浓度为4.0 μg穖-3,最高浓度达到42.3 μg穖-3.来自泰山南方潮湿的气团是形成二次离子高值的原因.     

北京大气PM10中水溶性金属盐的在线观测与浓度特征研究

研究了北京大气可吸入气溶胶（PM10）中水溶性金属盐的变化特征,并对其来源进行了分析。钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、钙盐浓度的变化范围分别为：0.5～1.4μg/m3、0.5～2.5μg/m3、0.1～0.5μg/m3、0.6～5.8μg/m3,不同水溶性金属盐最高值和最低值出现季节不同。水溶性金属盐没有明显的采暖期和非采暖期的差异,说明冬季采暖不是它们的主要来源。海盐和土壤源是北京大气PM10中Na+的主要来源,K+的主要来源包括秸秆燃烧和生物质排放,土壤源是Mg2+和Ca2+的重要来源。水溶性金属盐的日变化规律不同。降水对Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的清除分别为10％～70％、20％～80％、10％～77％、5％～80％。     

超低排放改造后燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征

超低排放改造后,燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征发生了变化,为定量评估颗粒物中各组分的排放特征及环保设备对细颗粒物的影响选取了3台超低排放机组为研究对象利用DGI分级撞击采样器对湿法烟气脱硫装置(WFGD)、湿式静电除尘器(WESP)进、出口颗粒物取样并用多种指标分析研究.结果表明,3台机组出口处排放的PM_1、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度范围分别为0.25～0.38、0.31～0.42和0.42～0.57 mg·m~(-3)两种改造工艺下排放的PM_(10)质量浓度相当,但是颗粒物粒径分布和成分组成存在差异相比FP1和FP2机组,FP3机组PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值最高,可能原因是FP3机组安装了WESP,对粒径2.5μm以上的颗粒有更好地脱除效果.FP2和FP3机组排放的PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子总浓度分别为0.20 mg·m~(-3)和0.06 mg·m~(-3),FP2机组排放水溶性离子以Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)为主,FP3机组以NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)为主.FP2机组WFGD进出口颗粒物分析结果显示,WFGD过程会通过夹带含石灰石、石膏的脱硫浆液增加水溶性离子排放.在WFGD后加WESP能有效去除PM_(25)、PM_(10)颗粒物,降低水溶性离子对大气环境的影响.