南昌地震台地下水位变化异常的分析判别

本篇文章主要通过对南昌台地下水位资料变化的处理分析，利用求地下水水位变化的加速度来判别和分析地震异常，并初步进行试验预报和探索研究。     

鲁西平原微咸水资源的开发意义

鲁西平原处于黄泛平原的尾闾地段,常受旱涝盐咸多种危害。本文分析了浅层微咸水的形成、水质及动态特征,对水质、水量进行了评价,探讨了开发利用微咸水的可能性及灌溉效益。农业上开采浅层微咸水,无疑对扩大地下水资源及促进鲁西平原水、土环境的良性循环有重大意义。     

再生水灌溉对苜蓿生长及养分吸收的影响

论文在盆栽条件下,研究了再生水灌溉对苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Algonquin’)生长及养分吸收的影响。试验设置了清水、再生水两种灌水类型,高、中、低3个不同灌水水平。结果表明:同一灌水类型条件下,苜蓿植株生长高度随灌水量减少而降低,同一灌水水平下,灌溉水类型对植株高度无明显影响;不同的灌水水平对植株侧枝数的影响差异不显著,但灌溉水类型对植株侧枝数影响差异显著,所有处理中再生水高水平灌溉侧枝数增幅最大;与清水相比,再生水灌溉能显著增加苜蓿干物质产量;在苜蓿生长前期,再生水灌溉对苜蓿根系生长具有阻碍作用;灌溉水类型对苜蓿植株体内吸收氮、磷、钙、镁吸收量的影响主要在其生长前期,灌溉水类型对苜蓿体内钾含量无明显影响。     

天津污灌区苯并(a)芘的分布和迁移通量模型

建立了估算苯并 (a)芘在天津污灌区气、水、土壤及沉积物相间的迁移通量和浓度分布的逸度模型框架 ,利用通量资料作为模型输入 ,利用实测浓度数据验证了模型的可靠性 .结果表明 ,模型对大气、地表水、土壤和沉积物中浓度的估算大体吻合 ,沉积物和土壤是苯并 (a)芘的主要环境归宿 ,而大气中的平衡浓度相对较低 ,水体及土壤中的苯并 (a)芘可能通过作物和鱼体富集而进入生态系统 .     

昆明市机动车尾气排放控制水平分析

选择CO做研究对象，采用累积百分比法对4类机动车尾气排放水平进行分析，得出结论；昆明市机动车总体排放控制水平较低，须改进和完善现行的检测／维护制度，应考虑加快车辆的更新换代和微车电喷化。     

呼和浩特市地区城市地下水现状及评价

呼和浩特市主要以开采地下水来满足工农业生产及居民生活用水，本文就呼和浩特市地下水水位现状进行了分析，对地下水水质作出了综合评价。     

江苏白垩纪陆相层序地层研究

系统的探讨了区内白垩纪地层的划分与沉积相特征，深入研究了陆相地层的层序发育特征。指出，无论冲积扇、河流、三角洲或湖泊沉积的陆相地层层序均受地层基准面控制。地层基准面穿越旋回控制着陆相环境重大层序分布。根据不同时间间隔的基准面穿越旋回序次，将陆相层序划分为盆地充填层序、构造层序、层序、亚层序及小层序五个级别。每个层序根据基准面波动可划分为基准面上升沉积体系域和基准面下降沉积体系域，并可根据亚层序组的叠置特征进一步细分。根据上述陆相地层层序划分原理，作者将研究区白垩纪陆相地层划分为三个构造层序，并初步将葛村组划分为五个、浦口组四个、赤山组三个和泰州组三个沉积层序。     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: This study presents three optimization techniques for on‐farm irrigation scheduling in irrigation project planning: namely the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and iterative improvement methods. The three techniques are applied to planning a 394.6 ha irrigation project in the town of Delta, Utah, for optimizing economic profits, simulating water demand, and estimating the crop area percentages with specific water supply and planted area constraints. The comparative optimization results for the 394.6 ha irrigated project from the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and iterative improvement methods are as follows: (1) the seasonal maximum net benefits are $113,826, $111,494, and $105,444 per season, respectively; and (2) the seasonal water demands are 3.03*10³ m³, 3.0*10³ m³, and 2.92*10³ m³ per season, respectively. This study also determined the most suitable four parameters of the genetic algorithm method for the Delta irrigated project to be: (1) the number of generations equals 800, (2) population size equals 50, (3) probability of crossover equals 0.6, and (4) probability of mutation equals 0.02. Meanwhile, the most suitable three parameters of simulated annealing method for the Delta irrigated project are: (1) initial temperature equals 1,000, (2) number of moves equal 90, and (3) cooling rate equals 0.95.     

COALBED METHANE PRODUCT WATER CHEMISTRY IN THREE WYOMING WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: The Powder River Basin in Wyoming has become one of the most active areas of coalbed methane (CBM) development in the western United States. Extraction of methane from coalbeds requires pumping of aquifer water, which is called product water. Two to ten extraction wells are manifolded into one discharge point and product water is released into nearby unlined holding ponds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemistry, salinity, and sodicity of CBM product water at discharge points and associated holding ponds as a function of watershed. The product water samples from the discharge points and associated holding ponds were collected from the Cheyenne River (CHR), Belle Fourche River (BFR), and Little Powder River (LPR) watersheds during the summers of 1999 and 2000. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sulfate (SO₄^2‐), and chloride (C^1‐). From the chemical data, practical sodium adsorption ratio (SARp) and true sodium adsorption ratio (SARt) were calculated for the CBM discharge water and pond water. The pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, SARp, and SARt of CBM discharge water increased significantly moving north from the CHR watershed to the LPR watershed. CBM discharge water in associated holding ponds showed significant increases in EC, TDS, alkalinity, Na, K, SARp, and SARt moving north from the CHR to the LPR watershed. Within watersheds, the only significant change was an increase in pH from 7.21 to 8.26 between discharge points and holding ponds in the LPR watershed. However, the LPR and BFR exhibited larger changes in mean chemistry values in pH, salinity (EC, TDS), and sodicity (SAR) between CBM product water discharges and associated holding ponds than the CHR watershed. For instance, the mean EC and TDS of CBM product water in LPR increased from 1.93 to 2.09 dS/m, and froml,232 to 1,336 mg/L, respectively, between discharge and pond waters. The CHR exhibited no change in EC, TDS, Na, or SAR between discharge water and pond water. Also, while not statistically significant, mean alkalinity of CBM product water in BFR and LPR watersheds decreased from 9.81 to 8.01 meq/L and from 19.87 to 18.14 meq/L, respectively, between discharge and pond waters. The results of this study suggest that release of CBM product water onto the rangelands of BFR and LPR watersheds may precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in soils, which in turn may decrease infiltration and increase runoff and erosion. Thus, use of CBM product water for irrigation in LPR and BFR watersheds may require careful planning based on water pH, EC, alkalinity, Na, and SAR, as well as local soil physical and chemical properties.     

ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS OF INSTREAM FLOW PROTECTION FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES IN AN INTERNATIONAL BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) restricts federal agencies from carrying out actions that jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species. The U.S. Supreme Court has emphasized that the language of the ESA and its amendments permits few exceptions to the requirement to give endangered species the highest priority. This paper estimates economic costs associated with one measure for increasing instream flows to meet critical habitat requirements of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow. Impacts are derived from an integrated regional model of the hydrology, economics, and institutions of the upper Rio Grande Basin in Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. One proposal for providing minimum streamflows to protect the silvery minnow from extinction would provide guaranteed year round streamflows of at least 50 cubic feet per second in the San Acacia reach of the upper Rio Grande. These added flows can be accomplished through reduced surface diversions by New Mexico water users in dry years when flows would otherwise be reduced below the critical level required by the minnow. Based on a 44‐year simulation of future inflows to the basin, we find that some agricultural users suffer damages, but New Mexico water users as a whole do not incur damages from a policy that reduces stream depletions sufficiently to provide habitat for the minnow. The same policy actually benefits downstream users, producing average annual benefits of over $200,000 per year for west Texas agriculture, and over $1 million for El Paso municipal and industrial water users, respectively. Economic impacts of instream flow deliveries for the minnow are highest in drought years.