贵州威宁草海流域地下水水化学特征及无机碳通量估算

贵州威宁县草海是我国最大的岩溶湿地,岩溶地下水是其重要的补给水源和物质来源.本研究在丰水期、枯水期和平水期对草海流域内12处地下水进行了采集并测定,揭示了该流域地下水水化学特征和主要离子来源,并基于水化学径流模数法初步估算了草海流域岩溶碳汇通量.结果表明,草海流域地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,东南部个别泉点在平水期为SO₄-Ca型.地下水中优势离子均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,季节上SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺平均质量浓度呈现出平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期,NO₃^-平均质量浓度则表现为丰水期 > 枯水期 > 平水期,其他离子季节变化特征不明显.空间上草海北部地下水中Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-质量浓度相对较高,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl^-在西南部地下水中质量浓度较高,东南部地下水中Mg²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-质量浓度较高.地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要受到碳酸盐岩溶蚀的控制,碳酸、硫酸和硝酸均参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的风化,三期大部分地下水中NO₃^-主要受土壤氮和生活污水的影响,东南部地下水NO₃^-则主要受农业活动影响,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的来源则无明显时空差异,前3种离子主要受人类活动影响,而SO₄^2-则主要来源于地层中含硫化合物的溶解.研究区外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化具有较高比例,季节上表现为平水期外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩比例最高,丰水期最低的特征,在扣除外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化的比例后,初步估算草海流域无机碳通量平均约为181.5 t·a^-1,岩溶地下水向草海输送HCO₃^-量平均约为1144.1 t·a^-1.     

浅层地下水中的氮含量与地下水污染敏感性--以石家庄市为例

氮在地下水中的主要存在形式是氨氮、硝氮和亚硝氮,这三种污染物在石家庄市辖区内,由于影响污染敏感性的其它因素大小不同,造成三者相互关系有较大区别.浅层地下水易污染区,NH3浓度相对较低,NO-3浓度相对较高,使得NO-3/NH3比值较大,相反在浅层地下水难污染区,水中NH3浓度相对较高,而硝氮浓度表现相对含量较低的特征,其NO-3/NH3比值较小.易污染区亚硝氮的含量在0.0001～0.02mg/L范围内,而在难污染区未能检出(＜0.0001).利用这一结果可以定量的评价石家庄市区的污染敏感性.     

受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统

岩溶生态系统是受岩溶环境制约的生态系统。中国西南岩溶石山区岩溶发育的地质历史背景,决定其碳酸盐岩主要分布于NE向的构造隆起带上。碳酸盐岩出露面积占土地面积比例≥30%的岩溶县有292个。岩溶生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性主要表现在:(1)西南岩溶生态系统中水、土资源的短缺且不协调。水资源以地下水资源为主,且难开发;土壤资源零星分散,土层薄,易流失;(2)现存广西区植被覆盖特征显示,岩溶石山区森林覆盖率明显低于非岩溶区,同时也暗示着岩溶石山区植被的恢复、演化慢于非岩溶区植被;(3)贵州石漠化分布特征表明岩性对岩溶生态环境的制约;(4)脆弱的岩溶生态环境制约着生态系统的人口承载力。贵州省是西南碳酸盐岩集中分布区的中心,其人均国民生产总值则远比邻省的低。广西、湖南、湖北、重庆碳酸盐岩的分布具有明显的地块性,其岩溶县的人口密度仅分别为非岩溶县的85.05%、83.03%、46.78%、54.43%,岩溶县的人均国民生产总值、农民人均纯收入也不及非岩溶县。根据岩溶生态系统结构特征,在西南岩溶生态重建过程中应关注地表植被覆盖率对表层岩溶带水循环的影响、关注土地利用对地下水的影响、关注岩溶地球化学对特色经济植物可持续发展的影响。     

天津市区地下水开采与地面沉降关系研究

为了准确预测地面沉降量,在1960—1993年天津市区地下水开采、地下水位及地面沉降34年实际资料的基础上,取前25年的资料,用统计软件SPSS10.0建立了开采量-沉降量、水位-沉降量的线性回归方程,并对所建立的线性回归方程进行了检验,发现地下水开采量与地面沉降量有着更好的相关性。利用所建立的开采量-沉降量线性回归方程对后9年的沉降进行了模型预测,结果显示预测是可靠的。因此提出建立某个特定区域的地下水开采量与地面沉降量的线性模型,可大大提高预测的精确度。     

西南岩溶区地下水资源可持续利用对策

本文分析了西南岩溶区地下水资源特点，提出了4种类型区地下水资源可持续利用对策：峰林平原区挖掘产钻孔，节水灌溉，发展高效农业；溶丘洼地区堵洞引水，梯级发电，发展庭院经济；峰丛山地区兴建水柜，表层调蓄，发展生态经济；断陷盆地区堵洞蓄水，联合调度，发展粮果基地。     

Integrated environmental monitoring and simulation system for use as a management decision support tool in urban areas

Leachates are generated as a result of water or other liquid passing through waste at a landfill site. These contaminated liquids originate from a number of sources, including the water produced during the decomposition of the waste as well as rain-fall which penetrates the waste and dissolves the material with which it comes into contact. The penetration of the rain-water depends on the nature of the landfill (e.g. surface characteristics, type and quantity of vegetation, gradient of layers, etc). The uncontrolled infiltration of leachate into the vadose (unsaturated) zone and finally into the saturated zone (groundwater) is considered to be the most serious environmental impact of a landfill. In the present paper the water flow and the pollutant transport characteristics of the Ano Liosia Landfill site in Athens (Greece) were simulated by creating a model of groundwater flows and contaminant transport. A methodology for the model is presented. The model was then integrated into the Ecosim system which is a prototype funded by the EU, (Directorate General XIII: Telematics and Environment). This is an integrated environmental monitoring and modeling system, which supports the management of environmental planning in urban areas.     

石油烃污染地下水原位修复技术研究进展

概述了石油烃污染地下水原位修复技术的进展，包括原位化学氧化、原位电动修复、渗透反应格栅、冲洗、土壤气抽出、地下水曝气、生物修复，并对今后的研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

造纸尾水对芦苇生长和生态环境的影响

通过造纸尾水灌溉海涂苇田的盆栽实验和苇地田间实验,考察了造纸尾水对芦苇生长及生态环境的影响.监测结果表明,用造纸尾水灌溉苇田,不仅可以提高芦苇的产量和质量,还可以改良土壤,此方法对周围生态环境无负面影响.     

Regional Assessment of Nutrient and Pesticide Leaching in the Vegetable Production Area of Rattaphum Catchment, Thailand

Regional groundwater vulnerability maps to indicate the impact of leaching of chemicals under different management scenarios were prepared for the Rattaphum Catchment using several leaching models and GIS techniques. The Attenuation Factor (AF) model was used to simulate the leaching potential of several pesticides for selected soils in the catchment under different rates of recharge from irrigation. The LEACHN model was used to simulate the NO₃ ⁻ leaching potential and LEACHP was used to simulate leaching potential of metolachlor under different management scenarios. The results showed that only a small number of pesticides have the potential to contaminate the shallow groundwater. However, the risk of contamination with nutrients is much higher due to the mobility and conservative nature of the NO₃ ⁻. The LEACHP results indicated that the intensive use of agrochemicals in the vegetable growing area, especially during the rainy season when the groundwater is near the surface, increases the risk of pesticide contamination. The results of upscaling from the farm to the catchment scale using soil maps and GIS techniques under various management scenarios and chemical application rates showed that the most effective strategy to reduce chemical leaching is by reducing pesticide application rates and optimizing the application of irrigation water. The identification of potential high risk farms by ranking soils and agricultural practices could be used to formulate management practices that reduce pesticide contamination of the surface and ground water resources in the area.     

A SURROGATE-PARAMETER APPROACH TO MODELING GROUNDWATER BASINS1

ABSTRACT: A surrrogate-prarmeter approach to modeling groundwater basins is presented, which has the following advantages over current simulation-type methods: (i) conducivness to modeling nonhomogeneous and nonisotropic basins; (ii) there is no need to guess boundary conditions if accurate information is not available; (iii) the model is amenable to systematic calibration or identification through the use of optimization techniques; and (iv) compatibility with systematic algorithms for analyzing a wide range of management strategies. Since the parameter identification problem is large-scale and nonconvex, it is decomposed through application of generalized duality theory, into several subproblems of smaller size which are solved independently a number of times in order to achieve an overall solution. Results are presented for a hypothetical system of four interacting wells.