台风对沿海城市细粒子中海盐气溶胶的影响

台风作为发生、发展于海洋的天气系统,其对沿海城市海盐气溶胶的影响究竟如何值得探究.利用2011年第17号强台风"纳沙"影响深圳期间的深圳气象局竹子林大气成分站的MARGA(Monitoring Instrument for Aerosols and Gases)数据,研究了期间台风对深圳PM_(2.5)中海盐气溶胶(以下简称海盐气溶胶)的影响.结果发现,受台风外围下沉气流的影响,各气溶胶成分的浓度均有明显的增加.台风降水前的大风对各种气溶胶(含海盐、非海盐气溶胶)的清除作用非常显著,而台风降水期间PM_(2.5)中的海盐气溶胶浓度呈现快速上升趋势,最大浓度可达4.39μg·m~(-3).台风降水期间的海盐气溶胶也呈现出一定的老化状态,氯损耗平均值为32.20%,海盐气溶胶的老化程度低于台风降水前和台风降水后的老化程度.尽管台风降水时海盐气溶胶的贡献率有显著增加,气溶胶海洋属性加强,但总体而言海盐气溶胶对深圳地区PM_(2.5)化学组分的贡献非常低.     

北京地区不同天气条件下气溶胶数浓度粒径分布特征研究

2012~2014年,在北京城区利用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS-1000XP)对气溶胶数粒径分布特征进行观测,进而分析了不同季节与不同天气条件下气溶胶粒径分布的变化特征.结果表明,春季爱根核模态气溶胶日均数浓度值最高,秋季最低;春季和冬季积聚模态下日均数浓度较高,夏季最低;粗模态气溶胶日均浓度在冬季最高.爱根核模态粒子数浓度日变化特征最为显著,受交通源及夏季中午前后的光化学作用影响明显.春、秋、冬季积聚模态状态气溶胶数浓度夜晚高于白天,粗模态粒子没有明显的日变化特征.重污染过程中,积聚模态气溶胶对于PM_(2.5)质量浓度起到决定作用,通常需通过北风的清除才能有效降低PM_(2.5)浓度;降雨及降雪对粗模态粒子的清除效果较为明显,而小风和静风状态下,降水对积聚模态的气溶胶没有明显的清除作用;沙尘过程中,粗模态粒子浓度显著增加,而积聚模态气溶胶却被明显清除.     

影响南京地区的两次典型空气污染过程分析

2009年10月下旬与11月上旬,南京及其周边地区接连经历了两次严重的空气污染过程.第一次污染过程表现为持续性灰霾天气,第二次污染过程主要受秸秆焚烧和区域输送的混合影响.利用地面污染监测数据、气象要素观测资料、卫星遥感火点资料结合后向轨迹模式,采用聚类分析的方法讨论了局地源及区域输送对两次污染过程的影响.结果表明,两次污染过程积聚模态气溶胶数浓度较高,与该地区之前观测结果比较气溶胶浓度峰值向大粒径偏移.两次过程PM2.1中SO24-/NO3-的值分别为1.30和0.99.第一次污染过程受偏东、偏南方向局地排放源的影响,≤0.1μm的气溶胶粒子逐渐累积.第二次污染过程主要受东北方向短距离输送与西南方向局地排放的混合影响,尤其是来自偏南方向气溶胶数浓度较高,≥0.1μm粒子尤为明显,说明秸秆焚烧的排放源主要来自此方向.     

喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性

为阐明喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性,利用大肠杆菌NK5449作为试验菌株,通过喷泉喷洒试验,使用安德森六级空气采样器采集喷泉周围空间的细菌气溶胶,研究各级细菌气溶胶的浓度和粒径分布特征和变化规律,并分析其与液滴直径的相关性.结果表明,在高度0.75~1.75 m,距离喷头0.5~3 m的范围内,细菌气溶胶总浓度在(38±15)~(676±92)CFU·m-3之间,并随着高度的增加和与喷头之间水平距离的增大而逐渐降低,且与液滴直径呈显著负相关(P0.05);随着与喷头水平距离的增大,粒径大于4.7μm的细菌气溶胶粒子所占比例出现先降后升的变化趋势;而粒径在2.1~4.7μm之间的粒子所占比例则是先升后降.与喷头水平距离0.5 m以外的各点,细菌气溶胶粒子的粒径大都集中在1.1~4.7μm范围内.距离喷泉较远处的人吸入小粒径细菌气溶胶的风险不容忽视.     

基于无人机垂直观测塔克拉玛干沙漠一次沙尘污染过程研究

利用多旋翼无人机于2021年7月30—31日对塔克拉玛干沙漠的塔中（飞行高度0~2000 m）、民丰地区（飞行高度0~1000 m）不同粒径 颗粒物浓度、气温、相对湿度和风速进行垂直观测,结合多地面站点、再分析资料、后向轨迹模型和卫星遥感数据,对沙尘污染过程中的影响 因素、颗粒物垂直分布特征及污染成因进行了分析.结果表明：①近地面低气温、高相对湿度、高风速的气象条件有利于沙尘污染事件的发生,通过无人机探测数据发现高相对湿度有利于颗粒物吸湿增长,气温和风速的上升能够加强大气对流运动,有利于污染物的输送.②在沙尘污染期间,塔中地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为0.8~45.7、1.0~267.0和1.0~588.7 μg·m^-3;民丰地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为21.5~126.9、39.6~263.6和48.5~520.6 μg·m^-3.③在沙尘污染期间,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地颗粒物组成以粗颗粒物为主,南缘则以细颗粒物为主.民丰地区PM₁/PM_2.5比值（0.48~0.55）和PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值（0.55~0.83）在同时刻均高于塔中地区（PM₁/PM_2.5为0.18~0.33, PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.33~0.51）.④天气形势和后向轨迹表明,此次污染主要由西风环流导致,气团分别从北面翻越天山和东面绕道进入塔克拉玛干沙漠,携带了塔克拉玛干沙漠东部地区沙尘颗粒和新疆北部人为污染物.⑤CALIPSO卫星数据表明,此次污染中气溶胶存在于海拔1~8 km之间,主要集中在低层（消光系数在 海拔1.0~2.2 km左右最大）.气溶胶类型为沙尘气溶胶、污染沙尘气溶胶和烟雾气溶胶,其中,沙尘气溶胶占主要部分.     

Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley

This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM_2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM_2.5 (129.8 µg/m³) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m³) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m³ (14%) in PM_2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m³ (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM_2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM_2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution.     

白马泉风景区夏季大气PM2.5中二次有机物的初步研究

实验选择2010年7月于雅安市白马泉风景区常绿阔叶林内采集PM2.5样本,并对样本进行甲醇提取、三甲硅醚衍生化及GC/MS分析,探讨研究区域内气溶胶中异戊二烯氧化产物、α-/β-蒎烯氧化产物、小分子羧酸(苹果酸、2-羟基戊二酸)的浓度与昼夜变化趋势,并结合大气污染气体(SO2、NOx、O3)和环境气候条件(风速、温度、湿度等)对其浓度的影响进行讨论.结果表明,24 h PM2.5样本中,2-甲基丁四醇、异丁烯三醇、2-甲基甘油酸的浓度分别为63.3、45.0、4.4 ng.m-3;降蒎酸、3-羟基戊二酸、3-羟基-1,2,3-丁三酸的浓度分别为4.1、5.0、5.3 ng.m-3.除降蒎酸外,此次研究的其他二次有机气溶胶组分均呈现昼高夜低.白马泉风景区聚集了较高浓度的天然源二次有机物与当地亚热带繁茂的植被、湿热气候、沟谷型地貌及大气污染状况等诸多环境因素有关.     

基于地面微脉冲激光雷达的上海冬季霾强度及高度分析

利用2009—2013年冬季地面气象观测数据筛选出非霾和不同强度霾的影响时次,采用能见度与消光系数的定量关系和冬季波长系数对微霾冲激光雷达反演修正得到的气溶胶消光系数,分析了上海地区气溶胶在垂直高度上的集中范围,当地面出现轻微霾、轻度霾、中度霾、重度霾时气溶胶分别主要集中于近地面0.81、0.49、0.41、0.40 km以下,非霾时气溶胶主要集中在近地面1.35 km以下;在此基础上,根据判别不同强度霾的能见度标准和能见度与消光系数的定量关系,将能见度换算为消光系数,再对微脉冲激光雷达反演消光系数进行修正,从而判断高空霾的强度及所处的高度;另外还探讨了云对产生重度霾的影响、降水与中度霾和重度霾的关系以及颗粒物质量浓度与不同强度霾的关系,发现48.53%的重度霾是受云影响而产生的,37.11%中度霾发生前后伴有降水现象,51.14%的重度霾发生前后伴有降水现象,非霾、轻微霾,轻度霾、中度霾、重度霾期间的颗粒物浓度和细颗粒物占的比例依次增大.     

The Black Carbon Story: Early History and New Perspectives

A number of recent studies have suggested that black carbon (BC), the light-absorbing fraction of soot, is next to CO₂ one of the strongest contributors to the global climate change. BC heats the air, darkens the snow and ice surfaces and could contribute to the melting of Arctic ice, snowpacks, and glaciers. Although soot is the oldest known pollutant its importance in climate modification has only been recently recognized. In this article, we trace the historical developments over about three decades that changed the view of the role of BC in the environment, from a pollutant of marginal importance to one of the main climate change agents. We also discuss some of the reasons for the initial lack of interest in BC and the subsequent rigorous research activity on the role of aerosols in climate change.     

Oil-dispersant mixtures: understanding chemical composition and its relation to human toxicity

The ability for the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil-dispersant mixtures to become aerosolized following natural sea surface activity markedly increases the probability of inhalation exposure to this aerosolized mixture and subsequent adverse respiratory health effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical composition of WAF of these mixtures as well as determine how this relates to lung epithelial cell cytotoxicity. WAF was prepared by mixing each dispersant (Corexit 9500/9527/9580) with crude oil. For “chemical constituent fingerprinting,” these prepared WAF were extracted prior with dichloromethane, analyzed by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and qualitatively evaluated using the NIST08 database. Results from chemical analysis revealed an increase in structure complexity of the WAF oil-dispersant mixtures when compared to WAF of crude oil only. This complexity was characterized by high molecular weight compounds such as alkyl derivatives, esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Previously a concentration-dependent reduction in cultured A549 cells was noted at 2 or 24?h time points following exposure to either the WAF-oil/9500 or WAF-oil/9527. Thus, a possible correlation exists between the chemical complexity of these mixtures and the ability to induce lung epithelial cell death in potentially exposed individuals.