地质体材料剪切带内部的常剪切应变点及速度分布分析

对于峰后线性应变软化的地质体材料,剪切带内部的总剪切应变等于弹性剪切应变(由经典弹性理论描述)及由微结构效应而引起的局部塑性剪切应变(由非局部理论或梯度塑性理论描述)之和。若剪切应力—塑性剪切应变曲线的斜率的绝对值(称之为软化模量)小于剪切弹性模量的两倍,则在剪切带的任一剖面内存在两个总剪切应变不依赖于剪切应力的点,称之为常剪切应变点。在这两个点上,弹性剪切应变的降低和局部塑性剪切应变的增加处于平衡状态,总剪切速度达到它的最大值或最小值。在两个常剪切应变点之间,局部总速度随剪切应力率的降低而增加。剪切带内部的局部总速度分布是非线性的,这与通常采用的剪切带内部速度的线性分布假定(忽略微结构效应)不同。     

应变率效应对钢筋混凝土柱的影响

根据混凝土单轴动力特性试验,引入了应变率的影响,对规范给出的混凝土应力—应变关系表达式进行了修正;针对只考虑混凝土的动态特性和既考虑混凝土的动态特性、也考虑钢筋的动态特性这两种情况,利用修正的表达式对钢筋混凝土柱的动态特性进行了数值分析。结果表明,混凝土的动态特性对于大偏心柱的承载力影响很小,但对于小偏心柱的极限承载力影响显著;钢筋的动态特性对大、小偏心柱的极限弯矩和极限曲率都有明显的影响。本文还分析了柱的极限弯矩、极限曲率和极限轴力随偏心距变化的规律。     

孔隙压力对含随机缺陷岩石破坏过程及全部变形特征的影响

对于平面应变压缩条件下含有随机缺陷的岩样,利用FLAC研究了孔隙压力对岩样破坏过程、全部变形特征及前兆的影响。以前编写的若干FISH函数,被用于生成缺陷和计算轴向、侧向、体积应变及侧向应变与轴向应变比值的负值(计算得到的泊松比)。在峰值应力之后,密实岩石单元服从线性应变软化行为及随后的理想塑性行为,而材料缺陷呈现理想塑性行为。当孔隙压力较高时,应力—侧向应变曲线具有一平台;破坏的前兆更明显;变形后岩样的体积总是大于原始体积;在初始加载阶段、均匀变形阶段及峰后变形阶段,由于明显的侧向膨胀,计算得到的泊松比远大于0.5。当孔隙压力较低时,在峰值应力之前,变形后岩样的体积小于原始体积,体积扩容出现于峰值应力之后,引起了负的体积应变。利用广义虎克定律,解释了平面应变弹性状态下数值结果的合理性。对岩样进行带状区域扫描后,确认随机缺陷的初始分布与岩样的最终破坏形态紧密相关。     

Age and spatial distribution of the world's oldest trees

Extremely old trees have important roles in providing insights about historical climatic events and supporting cultural values, yet there has been limited work on their global distribution and conservation. We extracted information on 197,855 tree cores from 4854 sites and combined it with other tree age (e.g., the OLDLIST) data from a further 156 sites to determine the age of the world's oldest trees and quantify the factors influencing their global distribution. We found that extremely old trees >1000 years were rare. Among 30 individual trees that exceeded 2000 years old, 27 occurred in high mountains. We modeled maximum tree age with climatic, soil topographic, and anthropogenic variables, and our regression models demonstrated that elevation, human population density, soil carbon content, and mean annual temperature were key determinants of the distribution of the world's oldest trees. Specifically, our model predicted that many of the oldest trees will occur in high-elevation, cold, and arid mountains with limited human disturbance. This pattern was markedly different from that of the tallest trees, which were more likely to occur in relatively more mesic and productive locations. Global warming and expansion of human activities may induce rapid population declines of extremely old trees. New strategies, including targeted establishment of conservation reserves in remote regions, especially those in western parts of China and the United States, are required to protect these trees.     

不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构的地震响应分析

针对不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系,通过建立地震响应的动力分析简化模型,推导出不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系地震作用下的运动方程。对一实际的不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构进行地震响应仿真分析,探讨塔楼质量偏心率和塔楼质量比对结构周期比、位移比和层剪力比的影响。结果显示,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构扭转角主要由隔震层产生;与不隔震结构相比,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震体系的扭转角减小,可取得较好的减震效果;塔楼与底板的位置分布和质量分布会影响体系的扭转效应和减震效果,应尽量使塔楼的质心与底板质心重合,塔楼质量分布均匀,以减小结构的扭转效应,提高减震效果。