三峡水库洪水资源化多目标决策评价模型

进入21世纪,随着我国经济的飞速发展,人与水的关系越来越紧张。水资源短缺、水质恶化和水环境污染等问题日益严重,人们也在不断探索解决这些问题的办法。在总结经验教训的基础上,人们提出了"洪水管理"的新策略。洪水资源化是洪水管理的一项重要内容,也是解决水资源短缺危机的一个重要途径。汛限水位是综合利用水库运行和调度的重要参数之一,它影响着防洪效益和防洪风险。以三峡水库洪水资源化问题为背景,对三峡水库的多种汛限水位组合方案,建立了多目标决策运行的指标体系。以层次分析法为基础对各指标权重进行计算,得到了各指标相对于总目标的组合权重,并通过均衡规划求解得到了洪水资源化多目标决策运行方案的最佳均衡解。     

Bulking sludge for PHA production:Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge

Two acetate-fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated under an aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) model (SBR #2) and with anaerobic phase before aerobic phase (SBR #1) to select mixed cultures with a high polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage response. Although kinetic selection based on storage response should bring about a predominance of floc-formers, a bulking sludge with storage response comparable to well-settled sludge was steadily established. An anaerobic phase was introduced before the aerobic phase in the ADF model to improve the sludge settleability (SBR #1), however, due to the consequent increased feast/famine ratio, the performance of SBR #1, in terms of both the maximum PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) cell content and ΔPHB, was lower than that of SBR #2. SBR #2 gradually reached a steady state while SBR #1 failed suddenly after 50 days of operation. The maximum specific substrate uptake rate and storage rate for the selected bulking sludge were 0.4 Cmol Ac/(Cmol X.hr) and 0.18 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr), respectively, resulting a yield of 0.45 Cmol PHB/(Cmol Ac) in SBR #2 in the culture enrichment phase. A maximum PHB content of 53% of total suspended solids and PHB storage rate of 1.36 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr) was achieved at 10.2 hr in batch accumulation tests under nitrogen starvation. The results indicated that it was feasible to utilize filamentous bacteria to accumulate PHA with a rate comparable to well-settled sludge. Furthermore, the lower dissolved oxygen demand of filamentous bacteria would save energy required for aeration in the culture enrichment stage.     

大气汞形态分布的研究进展

归纳了大气中汞的形态和行为,并联系近年来国内外对海洋边界层大气汞的研究现状,介绍本实验室对厦门近海地区气态元素汞和颗粒态总汞同步监测的研究,考察厦门近海地区大气汞的分布特征及影响因素,以期补充近海地区汞污染数据,为汞污染控制和治理工作提供数据支持。提出了今后应进一步开展的研究方向。     

重庆典型灰霾天气下大气气溶胶的激光雷达探测

简要介绍了法国Losphere公司ALS300型偏振Mie散射激光雷达的基本结构、探测原理及反演算法,并通过在重庆主城区2009年11月23～27日一次典型灰霾天气条件下连续的气溶胶激光雷达探测结果分析得出,重庆冬季典型灰霾天气下PBL平均高度约为600米,AOD值在4及以上。     

不同运行方式下低溶解氧污泥微膨胀的可行性研究

污泥微膨胀是一种利用低溶解氧（DO）引发丝状菌繁殖来实现污水节能处理的新方法.为分析该方法的可行性,采用4个间歇式反应器（SBR）模拟不同的工艺,考察了低DO下（DO=0.5 mg/L）各反应器的污泥沉降性、絮体结构、污染物去除特性及曝气能耗.结果表明,全程好氧运行方式易引发恶性膨胀;而前置缺氧运行方式下进水时间在60...     

医院污水处理站设计研究

以淇县人民医院污水处理站实际生产工艺流程为研究对象,全面考察了污水处理采用预处理+格栅+调节池+缺氧好氧工艺+絮凝沉淀+过滤+二氧化氯消毒工艺,污泥处理采用污泥浓缩+压滤脱水工艺的工作性能.同时系统介绍了各个处理单元的功能和设计要点,为工艺推广应用提供直接的设计依据.在此基础上,对医院污水收集、污水处理工艺选择、污水处理设施选择以及处理设施运行管理等方面进行了总结探讨.     

基于风廓线仪等资料的珠江三角洲污染气象条件研究

利用珠江三角洲区域空气质量资料和珠海、南沙、增城的逐30 min风廓仪观测资料,以及清远探空站每天08时和20时的温度探空资料等,研究了2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气期间的大气边界层特征.结果表明:2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气主要是受到弱冷空气南下和台风外围下沉气流天气形势的影响;在污染日,增城、南沙和珠海低层风速普遍小于3 m·s-1,300m高度以下风速甚至小于2 m·s-1,增城和珠海观测站的通风量普遍小于5000~6000 m2·s-1;非污染日的通风量则远远大于污染日;在近海的南沙站和珠海站,海陆风等局地环流的的作用不利于污染物的扩散,海风约出现于下午6时,最大影响高度约600~800 m;逆温层是导致重污染的天气的重要原因,清远探空站频繁出现逆温层,甚至出现多层低空逆温,污染日的逆温层平均厚度和平均强度都较大.     

Effect of shock strength on dust entrainment behind a moving shock wave

Secondary dust explosion is a serious industrial issue because it occurs under conditions corresponding to an increased quantity and concentration of dispersed, combustible dust when compared with the primary explosion. The problems of lifting and dispersion of a dust layer behind a propagating shock wave must therefore be understood to ensure safety regarding secondary dust explosion hazards. Using a new shock-tube facility for studying shock propagation over dust layers, limestone dust was subjected to Mach numbers ranging from 1.10 to 1.60. A shadowgraph technique was applied by using a high-speed camera (15,000 fps) for visualization of the dust-layer height change behind the moving shock wave. Also, the effect of dust-layer thickness on the entrainment process was observed by performing tests with two different layer depths, namely 3.2- and 12.7-mm thicknesses. New correlations were developed between the shock strength and the dust entrainment height as a function of time for each layer depth. In general, the results herein are in agreement with trends found in previous work, where there is a linear relationship between dust growth rate and shock Mach number at early times after shock passage. Also, new data were collected for image analyses over longer periods, where the longer observation time and higher camera framing rates led to the discovery of trends not previously observed by earlier studies, namely a clear transition time between the early, linear growth regime and a much-slower average growth regime. This second regime is however accompanied by surface instabilities that can lead to a much larger variation in the edge of the dust layer than seen in the early growth regime. In addition, for the linear growth regime, there was no significant difference in the dust-layer height growth between the two layer thicknesses; however, the larger thickness led to higher growth rates and much larger surface instabilities at later times.     

某火电厂FGD工艺及其运行现状分析

某火力发电厂FGD系统采用石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫工艺,FGD系统中设置有旁路挡板,在正常运行时,其脱硫效率可以达到90%以上,二氧化硫排放低于400 mg/m3,达到国家排放要求。FGD系统运行中异常主要表现在原烟气SO2浓度超标,增压风机、GGH、吸收塔除雾器等设备易发生故障,导致脱硫效率下降,不能够达标排放,在设备运行过程中应注意防范。     

黄土丘陵区土地利用变化对深层土壤活性碳组分的影响

土壤活性有机碳组分对土地利用变化的响应规律已成为当前土壤碳和养分循环研究的一个热点.本文以黄土丘陵子午岭林区为研究区,通过分析天然乔木林转变为人工乔木林、天然乔木林转变为农田,天然灌木林转变为农田以及撂荒后土壤活性有机碳含量及其在土壤剖面上分布的差异,与浅层(0~60 cm)土壤对比,分析土地利用变化对深层土壤(60~200 cm)活性有机碳组分的影响.结果表明:1土壤易氧化性碳(LOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量主要集中在0~60 cm土层,分别占0~200 cm土层含量的49%~66%和71%~84%.不同土地利用类型0~60 cm土层LOC和MBC含量差异显著,深层土壤含量差异不显著.2土地利用变化对土壤活性有机碳影响显著,浅层比深层反映敏感.天然乔木林转变成人工乔木林和农田、天然灌木林转变成撂荒地和农田这4种土地利用转变方式下,浅层土壤LOC分别减少了10%、60%、29%、40%,深层分别减少了9%、21%、12%、1%;浅层土壤MBC分别减少了24%、73%、23%、56%,深层土壤MBC分别减少了25%、18%、8%、11%.3土地利用变化改变了活性有机碳占总有机碳的分配比例.天然乔木林和天然灌木林转变成农田浅层土壤LOC/SOC比例增加,深层差异不大;天然灌木林转变为农田,浅层土壤MBC/SOC降低,深层差异不大.结果说明土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例受土地利用变化的影响,与浅层相比,深层土壤有机碳具有较大的稳定性.