SnS2/α-Al2O3对酸性废水中汞离子的去除机制

基于硫化物与汞亲和性较强的特性,构建了SnS₂/α-Al₂O₃复合型除汞吸附剂材料.实验结果表明,该复合材料对Hg²⁺的最大吸附容量可达950mg/g,其吸附效果不受pH值（酸性pH=1~6）影响,汞浓度为65mg/L时,均能达到近100%的汞去除效率.同时,吸附过程不会受其他金属离子（Cd²⁺、Cr³⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺等）的强烈干扰,汞浓度为1mmol/L条件下,汞的去除速率及效率均未有很大差距.吸附过程未有大量Sn²⁺析出,证明了该复合材料的酸性稳定性.通过吸附动力学以及吸附机制研究表明,该吸附过程为单层化学吸附.通过盐酸溶液浸泡洗涤,可以实现SnS₂/α-Al₂O₃复合材料的再生和循环使用.     

多年冻土区铁路路基沉降变形研究与思考

根据青藏铁路路堤、路堑过渡带冻土路基分层沉降变形现场监测资料,笔者分析了路基变形的来源及机理。研究结果表明,路堑段,路基沉降变形主要来源于路基换填土层的固结变形;零填段,路基沉降变形主要来源于路基基底以下至原冻土上限之间活动层的压密变形;路堤段,路基沉降变形主要来源于高温-高含冰量冻土在较高附加应力作用下产生的压缩及蠕变变形,该变形在目前尚无明显衰减趋势,且相同时期各层沉降量明显比路堑段及零填段大,必须引起注意;最后从国内外研究现状讨论了系统开展高温-高含冰量冻土区路基变形研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

建筑抗浮设计水位取值方法——以北京市某工程为例

近年来,随着首都北京城市建设的高速发展,城市建设用地越来越少,地下空间的开发和利用成为发展的必然趋势。大量带有纯地下车库的高层建筑,以及地下管廊、下沉式广场的兴建,使抗浮问题非常突出。抗浮标准如何确定,抗浮水位如何取值,各类规范均没有明确规定,传统方法多依据经验确定抗浮水位取值,缺乏理论依据,不符合客观实际情况,使得抗浮设计存在安全隐患或增大了工程造价。笔者以北京市区某一工程为例,通过研究区域内浅层地下水的赋存与渗流特性,水位变化的历史过程和影响因素,通过渗流分析,从客观的角度提出建筑抗浮设计水位的取值方法,使得取值更具科学性和经济性。     

BANK STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING REACH SCALE LAND LOSS AND SEDIMENT YIELD1

ABSTRACT: When extensive lengths of river become stabilized (e.g., by channel incision), riverbank erosion can result in considerable riparian land loss and the delivery of large volumes of sediment downstream. The ability to predict the stability and failure geometry of eroding riverbanks is therefore an important prerequisite in estimating the rate of bank erosion and sediment yield associated with bank erosion. In this paper, a new stability analysis for layered river banks is introduced. The new analysis differs from many previous analyses in that it takes into consideration the effects of positive pore water pressure in the saturated portion, and negative pore water pressure in the unsaturated portion, of the bank as well as the influence of hydrostatic confining pressure due to the water level in the river. In addition, the failure plane is not constrained to pass through the toe of the bank and the bank profile geometry is not restricted to an idealized special case. The predictive ability of the new bank stability analysis is assessed using data from two field sites. Subsequently, a methodology for applying the bank stability analysis at the scale of the river reach (0.1 to 10 km) is discussed. This method involves the use of empirical models of bed level adjustment to estimate the magnitude of incision at specific locations along the reach, with these estimates used to drive the stability analysis. Application of the new method is demonstrated with an example.     

Zn/Cr型阴离子黏土的制备、表征及其对活性艳橙X-GN的去除性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Zn/Cr摩尔比为1∶1～5∶1的Zn/Cr型阴离子黏土(Zn/Cr-LDHs),选取2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs分别在300、400、500℃条件下放入马弗炉中煅烧2 h,制备了煅烧阴离子黏土(Zn/Cr-LDO).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、原子吸收法(ASS)、比表面积测试法(BET)对上述制备的材料结构形态进行表征.研究2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs和Zn/Cr-LDO在紫外和避光条件下对活性艳橙X-GN的去除.实验表明,2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs的吸附效果不受紫外光照射的影响,煅烧后形成的Zn/Cr-LDO在紫外光的照射下,对活性艳橙X-GN的去除率是避光条件下的2倍,说明煅烧后的Zn/Cr阴离子黏土具有光催化性能,Zn/Cr-LDO对活性艳橙X-GN的去除是吸附和光催化的共同作用.     

Bi/BiVO4/NiFe-LDH heterostructures with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance for streptomycin detection

Streptomycin (STR) plays an essential role in bacterial infection treatments. Selectivity and sensitivity of photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors are the two most important parameters, which can be measured using the photosensitivity of its active material. We prepared a novel PEC sensor to detect STR using Bi/BiVO₄/LDH (layered double hydroxides) heterostructures as an active material, which is photoactive in the visible light wavelength range. The simultaneous presence of LDH and Bi/BiVO₄ enhanced the material photocurrent response, which was linear to the STR concentrations in the 0.01–500 nmol/L range. The STR detection limit by this sensor was 0.0042 nmol/L. Our novel PEC-based sensing strategy includes using an ultra-sensitive and highly selective sensor for STR detection. Additionally, the two-pot synthesis of Bi/BiVO₄/LDH developed in this work is environmentally friendly.     

水热法合成层状化合物α-磷酸锆

用水热法合成了α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O(α-ZrP)晶体,并采用XRD、IR、TEM和TG-DSC等方法对其进行了表征.结果显示,用该法制得的α-ZrP,具有良好的结晶度,层间距达到7.65 A,平均粒度为900×300nm,呈较规则的六边形薄片状,晶形完美,并具有较高的热稳定性.获得了水热法合成α-ZrP的优化实验条件为磷酸浓度5M-10M和180℃下反应48小时以上.