汽车道路试验安全管理体系建设研究

为了保障汽车道路试验安全、提高安全管理水平,设计提出汽车道路试验安全管理体系(SMS)总方案。根据OHSAS 18001和安全标准化规范的特点分析,论证了融合两种体系建立道路试验SMS的适用性。并从政策与目标、风险管理、安全保证和安全促进四个模块阐述了该体系的搭建思路、框架内容和搭建步骤。最后,以某自主品牌车企研发中心道路试验的应用情况为例进行效果评估,结果表明:汽车道路试验SMS能有效防控风险、提升试验安全管理水平。     

Characterization of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units

The characteristic features of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units and single sample increments were studied based on more than 19,000 residue concentrations measured in root vegetables, leafy vegetables, small-, medium- and large-size fruits representing 20 different crops and 46 pesticides. Log-normal, gamma and Weibull distributions were found to provide the best fit for the relative frequency distributions of individual residue data sets. The overall best fit was provided by lognormal distribution. The relative standard deviation of residues (CV) in various crops ranged from 15–170%. The 100–120 residue values being in one data set was too small to identify potential effects of various factors such as the chemical and physical properties of pesticides and the nature of crops. Therefore, the average of CV values, obtained from individual data sets, were calculated and considered to be the best estimate for the likely variability of unit crop residues for treated field (CV = 0.8) and market samples (CV = 1.1), respectively. The larger variation of residues in market samples was attributed to the potential mixing of lots and varying proportion of non-detects. The expectable average variability of residues in composited samples can be calculated from the typical values taking into account the sample size.     

云南喀斯特山区国土空间优化分区与管控

国土空间的协调发展是区域可持续发展的前提,如何优化国土空间结构并构建合理的管控模式成为亟需解决的重要问题之一。以云南喀斯特典型山区文山市为例,探讨基于"双评价"的国土空间优化方法及冲突区的修正规则,对喀斯特山区国土空间进行优化分区,并提出国土空间分区及石漠化分区的管控模式。研究发现:(1)云南喀斯特山区国土空间优化后可划分为城镇开发边界区、城镇预留区、永久基本农田区、一般农业区、生态保护红线区和一般生态区六种类型,其中,生态保护红线区面积最大,城镇开发边界区面积最小;(2)城镇开发边界区和城镇预留区主要分布于东部和东南部,永久基本农田区和一般农业区主要分布于北部和南部,一般生态区主要分布于西北部和西南部,生态保护红线区主要分布于西部、南部、东部和东北部,其中东部和东北部主要为石漠化区;(3)从各国土空间类型的发展潜力和趋势对国土空间分区提出了管控措施和模式;从轻度石漠化区、中度石漠化区以及重度石漠化区角度对城镇、农业和生态三类空间,提出了石漠化区开发和保护的路径和方法。研究结果可为云南喀斯特山区国土空间的合理发展和石漠化的治理提供决策支持,研究方法和思路为国土空间优化和管控提供参考。     

掺钴水钠锰矿对铅的吸附及对砷的氧化

为了研究过渡金属离子掺杂对锰氧化物作为环境友好材料物理化学性质的影响,在浓盐酸还原高锰酸钾制备水钠锰矿过程中添加氯化钴,在常压回流条件下一步合成了三维纳米微球状水钠锰矿,考察了其铅吸附和砷氧化能力.应用粉晶X射线衍射、化学分析、N2物理吸附、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段表征产物晶体结...     

水库热分层期沉积物中有机物特性及对好氧反硝化细菌脱氮的影响

本研究以水源水库热分层期沉积物中有机物为研究对象,在分析其相对分子质量分布和有机物荧光特性的基础上,探究了沉积物中有机物为碳源时,好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮效能、细菌生长及碳去除性能.结果表明：①水源水库在热分层期,沉积物中相对分子质量>100×10³的有机物所占比例较高;同时相比于不同月有机物的相对分子质量分布,7月时沉积物中相对分子质量大的有机物所占的比例最低（44.62%）,显示出较小的相对分子质量;②水源水库沉积物中有机物由陆地类腐殖质组分C1（250 nm,425 nm）、类色氨酸和氨基酸物质C2（230 nm/280 nm,322 nm）和传统微生物类腐殖质混合物C3（250 nm,340 nm）所组成,其中色氨酸和氨基酸类的物质（组分C2）所占比例较高,同时在7月时显示出较大的总荧光强度;③好氧反硝化过程中,5月有机物显示出较好的作为电子供体的特征,而7月的有机物却表现出较好的作为能源物质的性能,同时使得好氧反硝化细菌WGX-9显示出较高的氮去除特性;④相比于天然有机物、藻类有机物和实际水源水库水,沉积物中有机物作为碳源时可以较好地促进菌株WGX-9的好氧反硝化脱氮效能.本文阐明了水源水库热分层期沉积物中有机物特性及对好氧反硝化细菌的影响,将为微污染水体氮污染控制工程提供依据.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

铅和得克隆联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性作用

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,探讨铅(Pb)、得克隆(DP)及二者联合急性暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性作用。结果表明,Pb(5、20μg·L~(-1))和DP(15、60μg·L~(-1))单独暴露均会引起斑马鱼自主运动频率增加,触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力下降,并且抑制初级运动神经元的生长,加剧尾部细胞凋亡。但与20μg·L~(-1)Pb单独暴露相比,高剂量联合暴露(20μg·L~(-1)Pb+60μg·L~(-1)DP)使斑马鱼的自主运动频率显著降低(P0.05),触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力显著增强(P0.05),初级运动神经元轴突长度显著增加(P0.05),尾部细胞凋亡减少。与5μg·L~(-1)Pb单独暴露相比,低剂量联合暴露(5μg·L~(-1)Pb+15μg·L~(-1)DP)也显著减少斑马鱼尾部的细胞凋亡(P0.05)。上述结果表明,Pb或DP单独暴露对斑马鱼均可引起神经毒性作用;但二者联合暴露对斑马鱼自主运动、触摸反应以及自由游泳活力的影响则表现为拮抗作用。     

红色旅游对游客国家认同的影响

红色旅游作为传承红色基因、加强爱国主义教育、增强国家认同的有效载体,具有鲜明的政治功能。以认知评价情绪评价理论和积极情绪拓展—建构理论为基础,构建红色旅游国家认同影响模型并提出相应假设,运用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）进行了实证检验。结果显示：构建的红色旅游国家认同影响模型具有良好的解释力和预测力,模型具有交叉效度,整体模型的GOF值高于良好适配度的标准值;红色旅游通过红色旅游情感对游客国家认同有正向促进作用;历史认同对国家认同的影响不明显,其他假设均成立。该研究为相关模型构建提供了思路,成果可为强化红色旅游的国家认同研究、拓展红色旅游理论内涵与教育功能、促进红色旅游高质量发展提供理论依据。     

石墨探针收集/石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定APM中痕量铅

研究一种直接收集并测定大气微粒物质中痕量有害元素铅的新方法,石墨探针直接收集ＡＰＭ后,用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的ＡＰＭ中痕量铅。方法特征量为４４．００ｐｇ,检出限为４８．３６ｐｇ,,相对标准偏差为３．２２％,铅学度与峰面积吸光度在０－２５０μｇ／Ｌ范围内呈线性关系,测定标准参比材料,其回收率为９４．４２％＿９９．１４％,并成功地测定了大气微粒物质中痕量铅的含量。     

现代测绘技术在解决矿区资源与环境问题中的应用探讨

以“３Ｓ”技术及其集成为代表的现代测绘技术在解决我国矿区存在的资源浪费及环境污染问题中具有重要的应用,本文对此进行了探讨。