纳米二氧化钛暴露人胚肺细胞差异表达基因分析

为探讨纳米二氧化钛(Nano-TiO2)颗粒对人胚肺(HPF)细胞基因表达和基因功能的影响,使用粒径10nmTiO2暴露体外培养的人胚肺细胞24h,提取RNA,应用基因芯片方法,寻找差异表达基因,并对差异基因进行基因本体(GeneOntology,GO)分类.结果表明,纳米TiO2暴露人胚肺细胞,导致514条肺中表达的基因发生差异表达,基因分类显示400条基因涉及生物学过程;415条基因涉及分子学功能;391条基因涉及细胞构成.纳米TiO2作为外界刺激物质,与细胞膜上的受体结合,影响钙、钾离子通道,上调细胞免疫和炎症反应相关的细胞因子TNF、IL1B、IL1A等基因表达.     

石家庄地区大气细粒子增长特征初步研究

为研究石家庄地区大气细粒子的微物理特征,2010年5月在石家庄市气象局观测站,对大气颗粒物、NOx和SO2进行了外场观测.结果表明:石家庄地区粒径小于1.0μm的大气颗粒物中,0.01~0.1μm粒径范围的粒子所占比例高达89.3%,大气细粒子污染较为严重.0.01~0.02μm和0.02~0.1μm粒径范围的颗粒物具有大致相似的变化规律,且与0.1~1.0μm粒径范围的粒子数浓度变化趋势明显不同.通过对典型粒子增长事件的研究发现,0.01~0.02μm的粒子数浓度在上午8:00左右会急剧升高,并达到全天的最大值.其后,0.01~0.02μm的颗粒物粒径会不断增长,由于增长消耗,其数浓度会迅速下降,使得0.02~0.04μm的粒子数浓度在上午12:00前会迅速升高.通过对气象要素和污染气体的分析,发现在相对湿度较低、风速风向变化不大,太阳辐射增加的情况下,SO2气相成核参与颗粒物增长的可能性较大.     

广州大气总悬浮颗粒物中可提取有机物的分布及源析

采用N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化预处理和GC/MS分析技术,于2002~2003年对广州市大气气溶胶中的有机化合物进行了定量检测.结果表明,在广州市TSP样品中有机物的种类共分为9大类:烷烃、多环芳烃、酯类、正烷醇、酚类、酸类、甾类、二萜类、糖类化合物.在总定性有机化合物中,酸类(24.65%~40.38%)化合物的百分含量最高,其次为糖类(15.57%~36.18%).全年样品中最丰富的脂肪酸为正十六酸、正十八酸,高碳数脂肪酸(>C20)含量最高的酸是正二十四酸.广州市二元羧酸的浓度以冬季最高,气象条件(风向、雨水和逆温)是影响二元羧酸浓度变化的主要因素.利用分子标志物可以讨论源解析和源贡献,化石燃料对有机质的贡献率最高(平均值为64.28%),其次为植物蜡脂质 (平均值为10.99%)和生物质燃烧(平均值为8.58%).     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征

采集了北京城乡结合部与郊区2003年4个季节的不同粒径大气颗粒物样品 ,运用GC/MS分析了其多环芳烃组成 .结果表明 ,17种PAHs总量为 0.84～15.223ng/m³,城乡结合部含量是郊区的1.07～6.60倍 .PAHs总量的季节性变化表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,且随颗粒物粒径减小,含量逐渐增大,大约有68.4%～84.7%的PAHs吸附在≤2.0μm颗粒上.2～3环PAHs呈双峰型分布,4～6环PAHs呈单峰型分布 ,PAHs分子量越大 ,MMD值越小 ,燃煤取暖与低温是导致冬季PAHs污染增高的主要因素.     

北京市冬春季大气颗粒物的粒径分布及消光作用

2004年1─5月,在北京市区连续监测了大气环境中ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5),ρ(PM₁)和ρ(TSP),以及大气能见度、地面气象要素.结果表明:春节期间颗粒物中细粒子所占的比例较高,ρ(PM₁)/ρ(PM_2.5)为0.81,ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP)为0.61;而沙尘期其值分别为0.55和0.28.不同粒径的颗粒物质量浓度均呈在明显日变化,其夜间浓度峰值高于早晨交通繁忙时段.根据经验公式,将大气能见度换算为大气消光系数,并导出颗粒物消光系数.结果表明:颗粒物消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度呈显著正相关.进一步定义了颗粒物质量浓度消光比(CE_P),用来表征颗粒物的污染特征.统计分析结果表明:当CE_P<103时,颗粒物质量浓度很低,PM_2.5所占比例较高,代表了有利于污染扩散的气象条件;当CE_P>167,颗粒物质量浓度高,但细粒子比(ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀₎)稳定在0.5～0.7,湿度也稳定在20%～50%,代表了不利于污染扩散的气象条件.      

Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^-1 and 0-30s^-1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^-1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

On the Size Dependence of Particle Deposition

Measurements of dry deposition ofparticles 0.1 to 1.0 m diameter to forest bythroughfall and eddy correlation methods giveresults of 1.0 cm s^-1 or more, whilemechanistic models do not explain values greaterthan about 1 mm s^-1. Results of othermethods involving radioactive tracers arerecalled. These data indicate values of about 5 mm s^-1. The possibility of additionalmechanisms, omitted from the models, is difficultto exclude, but much of the remaining discrepancymay be due to the wide size distribution of theadventitious radioactive tracers in the atmosphere.     

大气颗粒物和降水化学特征的相互关系

分别于2007年在泰安市郊区和深圳市郊区采集了大气颗粒物并同时对降水进行了分级采样,通过降水过程中降水化学特征的变化和降水前后颗粒物浓度和化学组成的改变,讨论了云下冲刷过程中大气颗粒物对降水化学组分的贡献和降水对颗粒物的去除作用.泰安降水雨量加权pH为5.97,总可溶解离子浓度为1 187.96μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为131.76μg/m3,PM2.5为103.84μg/m3.深圳降水雨量加权pH为4.72,总可溶解成分离子浓度为175.89μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为56.66μg/m3,PM2.5为41.52μg/m3.泰安和深圳降水过程中pH和离子浓度都逐渐降低,冲刷过程主要是中和作用.泰安和深圳降水中Na+和Ca2+的去除效率较高,NH4+和NO3-去除效率较低.两地降水化学性质的差别取决于云水酸度、大气颗粒物性质和大气中酸碱性气体差别的共同作用.降水对大气颗粒物质量浓度、离子组分和元素组分都有显著清除作用.     

多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型研究

利用Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law理论,推导出了多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型,并在实验室利用配制的玻璃微珠和二氧化钛悬浊液进行了5个频率下的声衰减测量.结果与衰减模型进行的数值模拟吻合.通过对渤海某淤积港口的声衰减测量验证,该模型同样适用于浑浊海域的声传播衰减计算.这对于浑浊海域的声纳探测和设计具有重要的工程价值.     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.