逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展

介绍了逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展。在逆境下,植物的叶片形态、解剖构造和内含物质等方面产生变化或特化,以保证植物正常的生命活动。解剖构造与树木的抗旱性关系密切,渗透调节是一个重要的抗旱性和抗盐性机制。植物为了减少虫害的发生,采用防卫和逃避相结合的策略保护自己。叶片中午受到强光胁迫时存在明显的＂避光运动＂,栅栏组织的叶绿体通过不同的运动排列方式来调整对光辐射的吸收,减少光胁迫。植物在阴蔽的环境中,通过大的叶面积等方式保证在弱光条件下充分利用光能。在干旱和盐胁迫下,叶片变小或消失,叶片表皮角质化,在叶片或细胞外形成一些机械组织,叶肉质化,白天叶片气孔关闭等方式增加耐盐性。多年生落叶树木和不落叶的植物通过不同的方式增加抗寒力。基因对叶性状的影响尚有争议。叶性状的差异可能是对不同环境的反映,或者是它们的年龄和基因引起的。最后,对叶性状的研究前景作了展望。     

Deliquescence of Deposited Atmospheric Particles on Leaf Surfaces

A large fraction of deposited aerosol particles on leafsurfaces represents hygroscopic material in a high humidity environment, likely to become deliquescent within the water vapour transpired by the leaf. Microscopic observations on leaf surfaces of beech, kohlrabi and elder leaves grown in a particle-free environment and/or treated with defined particle load are presented. Spreading of deliquescent particles, formation of salt crusts, and encoating of and by waxes was observed. Deliquescence of NaNO₃ particles (deliquescence point 74% RH at 25 °C) was observed on and near the stomata at 35% relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air, illustrating the influence of the boundary layer. Aerosols are difficult to identify on leaf surfaces, as similar patterns may be produced by deliquescent particles and processes like salt creep. These problems are especially important on leaves from the natural environment if only scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used. These patterns could appear similar to the fused waxes described in forest decline research. Strong gradients are formed between deliquescent particles and the apoplastic solution within the leaf, promoting cuticular and stomatal uptake.     

中缅边境一带发展潜力巨大的魔芋新品种--珠芽魔芋

介绍了珠芽魔芋的基本生物学特性及其独特的生长方式,特别是地上植株"珠芽"小球茎生长及其籽种无性繁殖的特点,显著增加了魔芋的繁殖系数.该品种开发潜能大、种植风险低、经济效益高,是一种低成本且易产业化的魔芋优势种质资源.     

烟叶仓库消防报警火灾探测器的改进

论述了烟草企业烟叶仓库磷化铝杀虫的原理、特点及对火灾探测器的影响，根据现行的消防技术和各种火灾探测器的特点，提出了适用于烟叶仓库的火灾探测器选型方案，并提出了对火灾探测器进行防磷化铝腐蚀的改进方法。经过在杭州卷烟厂的试用表明，这种改进型的火灾探测器具有很强的防磷化铝腐蚀的特性。     

离子色谱法测定植物叶片中氟的探讨

植物叶片中氟的测定一般采用离子选择电极法,离子色谱法对其测定还鲜见报道,本文对用离子色谱方法测定植物叶片中的氟进行了探讨。     

造纸法烟草薄片生产废水的处理

利用厌氧反应器技术＋高效絮凝处理造纸法烟草薄片生产废水,CODCr可从6000mg／L降到2000mg／L以下,再用去除率高达90％的SBR序批式反应器技术进行深度处理,废水经处理可达标排放（CODCr≤100mg／L）。     

磷酸法活化银杏叶活性炭对DBP的吸附性能研究

以银杏树叶为原料,使用磷酸活化法制备粉末活性炭,采用银杏叶粉末活性炭作为吸附剂,研究了其对DBP的吸附性能。研究考察了温度、吸附时间、pH对DBP吸附性能的影响,同时拟合了吸附等温线,探讨了热力学和动力学性质。结果表明温度、吸附时间、pH对吸附效果均有影响,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附过程是自发的,二级动力学方程更好地描述吸附动力学规律。     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

宝鸡市绿植叶片重金属空间分布及污染特征

绿化植物作为城市灰尘重金属污染物的重要承载体,在反映污染指标和生物富集方面有巨大潜力,对改善城市人居环境质量和城市园林规划具有重要意义.为定量描述宝鸡市城区10种优势绿植叶片重金属污染程度、空间分布及对灰尘的富集特征,采集并测定了宝鸡市区0、1和3m高度上、156个叶片样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd和As这8种元素的含量,并计算其生物富集系数（BCF）、污染负荷指数（PLI）与潜在生态风险指数（RI）.结果表明,宝鸡城区绿植叶片中富集最多的元素是Cr、As、Ni、Pb和Cd.沿阶草中Cr、Ni和As含量最高,女贞叶片中的Cd、塔松叶片中的Pb、Ni和As含量较高.BCF结果显示,三叶草、女贞和石楠对Cd有显著富集能力.在空间分布上,Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn元素含量均随高度增加而递减,其中Cr元素递减率达24%,千河工业园、任家湾火车站及市政府周围为含量峰值区,PLI在任家湾火车站、千河工业区出现中度污染,RI值在这两区域为中度生态风险等级,同时在高新大道沿线达到较强生态风险等级.在绿植叶片中,Cr和As的PLI值都>3,均达到重度污染水平.E_rⁱ的平均值大小顺序为：As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Zn > Cu,Cd和As是最具生态危害的元素.8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI范围为10.58~2982.72,样点中有18.59%的RI值高于150,表明研究区总体上处于中等风险等级.本研究结果对工业城市重金属污染治理及绿植遴选具有一定的理论和实践参考价值.     

固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水尺度提升研究

论文以科尔沁沙地主要固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,基于生长季典型枝条茎流的逐日动态观测数据,以黄柳茎干截面积和小叶锦鸡儿叶面积实测数据为扩展纯量,实现了由枝条茎流向灌丛群落蒸腾耗水的尺度提升。结果表明：生长季黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿群落的蒸腾耗水量分别为287.26 mm和197.23 mm,黄柳的耐旱性相对较低。采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出同时期两种植被群落的蒸散量分别为328.70 mm和233.15 mm。日蒸腾耗水量与日蒸散量变化趋势基本一致,两种植被的决定系数分别为0.717 3和0.678 7。论文所建立的尺度提升方法在荒漠化灌木植被蒸腾耗水估算方面行之有效,可为科学选育和管理固沙植被、确定合理造林密度等提供参考依据。