浙江千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型和取食强度研究

选择千岛湖地区不同大小岛屿为样地,对苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片虫食状类型和取食强度进行了研究.结果表明,千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型为16种,但取食频率不同.取食频率和取食部位对叶片危害程度的分析结果显示,缘食状、掏食状、顶食状、阴面食状和叶中脉状对植物叶片的影响更大.16种取食状中,缘食状和顶食状、缘食状和阴面食状之间呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),缘食状与大孔状、顶食状与大孔状、顶食状与掏食状、阳面食状与阴面食状之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).苦槠叶片被昆虫取食的频率为84%,但绝大多数受害程度低.     

Responses of nymphs of desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria to volatiles of plants used as rearing diet

Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. Nyangumi),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

城市植物叶片金属元素含量与大气污染的关系

采样分析了株洲清水塘工业区两上厂及圣贤区七种植物叶片中甲、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、铅、锌和砷十种元素的含量，按照ＩＰ含污量指标，对测定区的大气质量做了分析评价，由原子吸收光谱仪测定植物叶片中锌、铅、镉和砷的含量，可以判定测定区的大气污染等级。     

Cd and Zn Concentration in Hybrid Poplar Foliage and Leaf Beetles Grown on Polluted Sediment-Derived Soils

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations of hybrid poplars commonlyplanted on sediment-derived soils were assessed in field circumstances. Selected sites covered a range of soil types andplantation characteristics. Reference data for foliar concentrations were established from samples taken in a tree-nursery. Even in the reference situation a large variationin foliar Cd and Zn concentrations was observed, with relative standard deviations in the order of 15%. Foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in poplars growing on sediment-derived soils increased during the growing season. The accumulation rate was markedly higher on polluted sediment-derived soils than in thereference situation. Poplars grown on polluted sedimentderived soils showed elevated and deviating foliar Cd and Znconcentrations (>7.5 mg Cd kg^-1 DW and 320 mg Zn kg^-1 DW). A thin unpolluted covering layer did not influence foliarconcentrations. Regardless of site characteristics, poplarage, species or clone, a significant positive relation wasfound between soil and foliar concentration for Zn and to alesser extent for Cd. Bioconcentration factors for Cd and Znwere higher than one in baseline situations, but mostly lowerthan one on polluted sediment-derived soils. Cd:Zn ratio wason the average twice as high as in the soil. Leaf beetlesshowed normal body concentrations for Zn, but higher Cdconcentrations than in reference situations. BCFs were lowerthan one on sediment-derived soils. Foliar results indicateda possible threat in long-term habitat development of poplarplantations. This conclusion was confirmed by the significanthigher Cd concentrations in leaf beetles grown on poplarswith deviant foliar concentrations. However, litterdecomposition rates were generally evaluated as normal.     

云南菊科入侵物种与本地共生物种光合特性比较

为了探求菊科入侵植物的入侵机制,了解菊科入侵植物与非入侵植物光合特性的差异,以云南省包括薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)、紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)、飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)在内的4种菊科入侵物种为研究对象,并以与其共生的菊科外来非入侵物种熊耳草(Ageratum houstonianum)为对照,研究外来入侵物种与非入侵物种叶片特性及气体交换参数等方面的区别. 结果表明:薇甘菊、紫茎泽兰、飞机草和三叶鬼针草的P_nmax(maximum net photosynthetic rate, 最大净光合速率)分别为15.92、18.69、17.15和22.78 μmol/(m2·s),分别比其共生非入侵物种熊耳草的高出21.63%、42.77%、31.02%和73.99%;4种入侵物种的LSP(light saturation point, 光饱和点)和LCP(light compensation point, 光补偿点)也显著高于熊耳草,但其AQY(apparent quantum yield, 表观量子效率)却显著低于该共生种. 4种入侵物种叶片的N_mass(leaf N content per unit mass, 单位质量N含量)和CC_mass(leaf construction cost per unit mass, 单位质量建成成本)均显著高于熊耳草,除飞机草外,其他3种入侵物种的PEUE(photosynthetic energy use efficiency, 光合能量利用效率)和PNUE(photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, 光合氮利用效率)均显著高于熊耳草,而飞机草和熊耳草之间差异并不显著. 5种植物叶片N_mass分别与叶片SLA(specific leaf area,比叶面积)、CC_mass呈极显著正相关,与植物P_nmax、叶片P_mass(leaf N content per unit mass, 单位质量P含量)和PEUE呈显著正相关,植物P_nmax与PNUE、PEUE呈极显著正相关,与叶片SLA呈显著正相关. 研究显示,与菊科共生外来非入侵植物相比,较高的光合特性参数、叶片特性指标和能量利用效率指标可能是外来菊科入侵物种成功入侵的原因之一.      

Leaf surface compounds of the potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis>) and their influence on Colorado potato beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptinotarsa decemlineata</Emphasis>) feeding

Summary.  The sampling behavior of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (CPB) involves examination of the surface of potato leaves. It has been suggested that leaf surface compounds (volatiles and cuticular waxes) may be involved in host-plant recognition, acceptance or discrimination. Here we report on the effect of leaf surface extracts of six Polish commercial potato varieties on CPB feeding. We tested the influence of potato leaf surface extracts on CPB adult and larval feeding, then separated the extracts with HPLC, and finally tested the effect of the HPLC-separated fractions on CPB feeding. The bioassays were performed using potato leaf discs deprived of their original surface compounds. Applied to test discs at concentrations ten times higher than natural (10 leaf area equivalent), the extracts deterred CPB adults and larvae from feeding. HPLC-separated fractions composed of alkanes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, wax esters, benzoic acid esters, fatty acid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and phenylethyl esters, aldehydes, ketones, methyl ketones, fatty acids, primary alcohols, β-amyrin and sterols did not affect adult CPB feeding. Similarly, alkanes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, wax esters, methyl ketones, sesquiterpene alcohols and secondary alcohols had no effect on larval CPB feeding. The sterol fraction (cholesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) acted as a phagostimulant to CPB larvae. We isolated a fraction demonstrating a phagodeterrent effect on CPB adults and larvae. The qualitative composition of the deterrent fraction was quite similar in all potato extracts, but there were quantitative differences between the varieties. Much further work is needed to identify the compounds that can produce the deterrent effect.     

新疆沙冬青和蒙古沙冬青叶片及其生境土壤中15种无机元素的含量比较

采用单道扫描等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)和微波消解仪测定了新疆沙冬青和蒙古沙冬青两种珍稀植物的叶片及生境土壤环境中15种无机元素(Al、B、Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Na、Ba、La、Co、Ni、Pb、Rb和Ti)的含量,其中两种沙冬青叶片及生境土壤中含量最大的元素均为Ca,最小的均为Co.应用两个独立样本检验(Independent-samples T Test)中的曼-惠特尼U检验法(Mann-Whitney U)分析15种无机元素的差异性,结果显示,两种沙冬青的土壤环境相似;叶片的无机元素除了5种元素(B、Fe、Co、Ni和Ti)呈现显著性差异以外,其余元素含量差异不显著;通过比较叶片和土壤的元素含量发现,15种元素均呈现显著性差异;通过叶片内无机元素的浓度与生境土壤中该元素浓度的比值比较,发现Pb和Ti两种元素的叶片内浓度与生境土壤中浓度比值存在显著差异.图1表7参25     

Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) by Broad Leaves: Analysis of Kinetic Limitations

A kinetic model for the uptake ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) wasdeveloped from the anatomical structure of broadleaves. The model, which is supported by fielddata, includes the uptake from two pathways: outercuticle pathway and stomatal pathway, and withgrowth rate incorporated as a dilution term. Allthe parameters for the calculation of total masstransfer coefficient, k_OL, were estimated fromthe conductance of water vapor diffusion throughleaves. The results indicate that the stomatalpathway is a dominant pathway for dry gaseousdeposition of POPs on leaves and the uptake fromouter cuticle pathway can be neglected for the PAHsof molar volumes larger than phenanthrene becauseof the rate limitation in outer layer cuticle. Model sensitivity analyses demonstrates that withinthe range of environmental conditions and normalleaf structure, the surface area in stomata has themost significant effect on the uptake rate. If thestomatal pathway is closed, the kinetics of uptakeare so slow that accumulation appears independentof compound lipophilicity or molecular size. Ineither case, the leaf growth rate has little effecton the predicted accumulation     

空气气氛下木材表观热解动力学

研究了空气气氛下马尾松和楠木的树叶、树皮和树干试样的热解过程,发现每种试样的热解均包含两步主要的失重过程,在600℃时总失重均达90%以上.利用积分方法建立了适用于所有试样的两阶段一级动力学模型,实验失重曲线较好地符合模型计算出的失重曲线.