Indigenous, Colonist, and Government Impacts on Nicaragua's Bosawas Reserve

Abstract:  We studied the impacts of colonists, two groups of indigenous residents (Miskitu and Mayangna), and management by the Nicaraguan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) on the forest of the Bosawas International Biosphere Reserve. Indigenous people and colonists subsist on the natural resources of the reserve, and MARENA is responsible for protecting the area from colonization and illicit exploitation. Using geostatistical procedures and Landsat images at three different time periods, we compared per capita deforestation and boundary stabilization in areas with colonists and areas with indigenous peoples. We also examined whether the Mayangna deforested less than the Miskitu and whether the Nicaraguan government has effectively defended the Bosawas boundary against the advance of the agricultural frontier. In addition, we analyzed the current distribution of land uses within the reserve and its contiguous indigenous areas with a supervised classification of current land cover. Indigenous demarcations protected the forest successfully, whereas the Bosawas boundary itself did not inhibit colonization and consequent deforestation. Indigenous farmers deforested significantly less per capita than colonists, and the two indigenous groups in Bosawas did not differ significantly in their effects on the forest. Our results show that indigenous common-property institutions and indigenous defense of homeland have been powerful factors in protecting the forests of Bosawas and that the difficult evolution of a nested cross-scale governance system in Bosawas—under pressure from indigenous peoples—is probably the key to the forest ' s survival thus far.     

新型取向硅钢低温含氢气氛退火技术安全性分析

随着现代工业对材料要求的提高,为提高硅钢质量和节约能源,新型取向硅钢要求在新工艺下生产,分析新型取向硅钢在新工艺条件下的安全性.     

Reach and messages of the world's largest ivory burn

Recent increases in ivory poaching have depressed African elephant populations. Successful enforcement has led to ivory stockpiling. Stockpile destruction is becoming increasingly popular, and most destruction has occurred in the last 5 years. Ivory destruction is intended to send a strong message against ivory consumption, both in promoting a taboo on ivory use and catalyzing policy change. However, there has been no effort to establish the distribution and extent of media reporting on ivory destruction events globally. We analyzed media coverage of the largest ivory destruction event in history (Kenya, 30 April 2016) across 11 nation states connected to ivory trade. We used an online‐media crawling tool to search online media outlets and subjected 5 of the largest print newspapers (by circulation) in 5 nations of interest to content analysis. Most online news on the ivory burn came from the United States (81% of 1944 articles), whereas most of the print news articles came from Kenya (61% of 157 articles). Eighty‐six to 97% of all online articles reported the burn as a positive conservation action, whereas 4–50% discussed ivory burning as having a negative impact on elephant conservation. Most articles discussed law enforcement and trade bans as effective for elephant conservation. There was more relative search interest globally in the 2016 Kenyan ivory burn than any other burn in 5 years. Ours is the first attempt to track the reach of media coverage relative to an ivory burn and provides a case study in tracking the effects of a conservation‐marketing event.     

Cu-Mg-Al催化剂上NOx储存及分解性能研究

采用共沉淀方法制备了Cu-Mg-Al水滑石混合氧化物催化剂,并对该催化剂及其前驱物进行了XRD表征.使用等温吸附、程序升温脱附以及C₃H₆程序升温表面反应分别考察了催化剂上NO_x储存及分解反应性能.结果表明,由于Cu-Mg-Al催化剂中CuO组分发挥了NO氧化作用,促进了进气中NO_x以硝酸盐方式吸附在催化剂上,因此该催化剂具有很好的NO_x储存性能;在富燃条件下,C₃H₆能够显著降低催化剂上硝酸盐的热稳定性,在160～360 ℃温度范围内,这些硝酸盐会迅速分解成气态NO_x,同时随着C₃H₆加入量的提高,C₃H₆也可以将少量气态NO_x进行还原.     

低浓CH4催化燃烧的研究

制备了陶瓷蜂窝结构贵金属和金属氧化物催化剂,研究了CH_4的氧化活性,其中金属Pd催化剂具有最佳的活性,使用Pd催化剂测定了低浓CH_4燃烧的若干基本参数,获得若干基础性的结果。     

Study on catalysts for combustion of lean CH4

In this study, cerarnics honeycomb-supported ABO₃ perovskite type oxides were preparedby changing the composition of A and B site cations, and observed their activities for lean CH₄ oxidation. In the case of change in A site composition La_0.3Sr_0.2MnO₃ and La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ is the mostactive catalysts for 1 v% CH₄ and 2 v% CH₄ respectively. But LaMn_0.5Co_0.5O₃ oxide is the best ac-tive catalyst for 1-2v% CH₄ among the oxides by changing B site compositions of LaBO₃ and su-perior to La_0.3Sr_0.2MnO₃ and La_0.6S_0.4MnO₃catalysts.Adding trace Pd improved the activity and characteristics of space velocity for LaMn_0.5CO_0.5O₃and La_0.3Sr_0.2MnO₃ Although LaMn_0.5Co_0.5O₃ +Pd (0.03 wt%) was less active than the Pd catalyst,the activity was more than Pt catalyst at a conversion level below 90%.     

富氧尾气中NOx催化净化的研究进展

本文对富氧条件下NOx 催化净化的研究现状进行了综述 ,并对其存在的问题进行了探讨     

稀薄燃烧型汽车尾气净化的研究

随着我国汽车数量的增加 ,汽车尾气污染问题日益突出。稀薄燃烧型汽车以其节能性和低污染性得到了广泛的重视。本文主要阐述了稀薄燃烧型汽车尾气的净化研究 ,并提出了今后的发展方向     

精益化管理在超高压输电企业的应用探讨

在简述企业精益化管理研究的基础上,以南方电网公司基层A单位为实例,分析了超高压输电企业安全生产管理现状与精益化管理要求的差距。对应解决A单位生产经营活动流程中存在的业务运转不顺畅,岗位职责不清晰等问题,通过整合系统资源,优化建立了本单位双闭环管理的“面向设备”和“面向管理”的主业务流程体系为主要特种的输电企业精益化管理模式,并建立了与此对应的输电精益化管理信息平台。通过企业的安全生产管理工作实践检验取得成效,同时展望提出了下一步精益化管理的努力方向。     

中国森林火灾与对策

本文剖析了我国森林火灾与损失概况和我国森林火灾分布及其特点。根据森林燃烧环理论,提出了符合我国国情的综合森林防火对策,即从森林生态系统角度出发,以林火性状为依据,进行火险区划,以工程防火为中心,群众防火为主,营林、生物防火为基础,有条件地用火防火的对策,有效地控制森林火灾,使火灾发生控制在允许范围内,其损失限制在一定经济水平以下,充分发挥火生态的效益,维护生态平衡,保证林区社会安定和林区经济的不断繁荣与发展。