生命周期评价的回顾与展望

产业生态学的主要理论基础和分析方法－生命周期评价起始于６０年代末,７０年代初。经过２０多年的发展,已经从最初的借助于能源分析方法的“资源与环境状况分析”,发展成为具有基本概念和技术框架的环境管理工具。该研究方法已被企业界,政府管理部门,以及消费者组织所采纳,用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。生命周期评价方法的国际标准化正处于积极探索研究之中,将会成为２１世纪最有生命力和发展前途的生态与环境管理工具。     

定电位电解传感器的特点与应用

概述定电位电解传感器的结构和原理,在实践的基础上介绍传感器的基本性能,结合其特点,提出应用中要注意的问题。     

Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade

The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive- and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We used a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, trade listings and records kept in compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and a suite of avian reproductive parameters to examine whether wildlife trade is associated with particular facets of life history and to examine the association between life-history traits and captive- and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. Across all trade, CITES listing, and CITES trade, large birds were more likely to be traded and listed, but their longevity and age at maturity were not associated with CITES listing or trade. We found species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer lived and early-maturing species; these associations remained stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait–volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain. Only body mass had a clear association, and it varied from negative to positive over time. Although reproductive traits were important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominated trade, with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities are crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering.     

基于LCA方法的水泥企业清洁生产审核

水泥行业是典型的高能耗、高污染的工业,其快速发展带来了严重的资源、能源、环境等问题.因此,本文选择生命周期评价方法(LCA)作为清洁生产审核工具,对大连某水泥企业进行了清洁生产审核.本文在调研水泥工艺及现状的基础上,运用生命周期评价方法对水泥生产过程中原料开采、运输、生料制备、煤粉制备、熟料煅烧及水泥粉磨阶段进行清单分析与建模.采用了生命周期评价软件Gabi4进行清单计算与分析,评价模型为CML2001Dec07特征化模型.在整个水泥生产过程中考虑了全球变暖,人体毒性,环境酸化等环境影响类型,得出整个生命周期中石灰石和煤炭的资源能源耗竭潜值和资源消耗量最大,而环境排放影响中熟料煅烧阶段对各个类型的环境影响远远高于其他几个阶段,同时熟料煅烧过程中排放的二氧化碳等温室气体的影响最严重.最终根据评价分析结果确定清洁生产审核重点并提出了清洁生产方案,并且在清洁生产方案中选择其中最重要的余热发电方案,进行余热发电清洁生产方案前后环境影响比较和清洁生产方案量化分析.     

基于温度循环失效机理的铝制金属密封圈疲劳寿命仿真

目的 解决真空法兰密封中的金属密封圈寿命难以预测的问题.方法 基于金属密封圈的失效机理,提出一种疲劳仿真方法 ,对金属密封圈的使用寿命进行有效预测.通过有限元仿真方法 对金属密封圈安装过程及其使用过程进行仿真模拟,得到金属密封圈使用过程的应力分布,然后结合Conffin-Manson疲劳模型,对金属密封圈的使用寿命进行...     

UV/草酸铁/H2O2法降解苯系物的研究

通过测定UV/草酸铁/H2O2法、UV/H2O2法和UV/H2O2/Fe2+法的单位电能消耗量(EE/O值)对比了三种方法降解苯系物的能量利用效率,得出UV/草酸铁/H2O2法不仅可以有效地降解苯系物,而且同其两种方法相比它对电能的利用效率最高;并分析了UV/草酸铁/H2O2法降解苯系物的反应历程。     

云南省某绿色公共建筑全生命周期能耗量化分析

选取已通过云南省三星级绿色建筑运行标识的某公共建筑,收集其建造阶段实际材料使用量并计算出能耗.模拟运行期间的能耗数据,预估其拆除和建筑垃圾处理阶段耗能量,进行全生命周期的能耗计算.并根据案例项目实际采取的节能策略计算节能量,进一步分析得出云南省绿色公共建筑在保持良好运行状态的前提下,采取较低成本节能策略产生的全生命周期...     

高加速应力试验的优点及其应用

阐述了高加速应力试验的本质是通过施加远超过产品设计规范规定的各种应力。快速地将产品内部的薄弱环节和缺陷激发出来,为改进设计和剔除早期故障提供信息。高加速应力试验的优点是可以得到高可靠的产品,且大大缩短产品研制进度和降低成本。列举了国外各公司在电子、机电、机械等设备上成功应用取得的效果,最后指出了影响这一技术推广应用的各种错误观念和认识。     

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Screening-level ecological risk assessments of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for aquatic organisms in Japan were conducted using estimated statistical values based on surface water and sediment monitoring data and effect threshold values based on a large aquatic toxicity database. An alternative method is proposed to handle monitoring data that contain nondetects including multiple detection limits and to determine the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters. The No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC_water) of DEHP for aquatic life of 77 μ g/L was determined giving equal importance to both physical effects probably caused by undissolved DEHP and to the intrinsic toxicity potentially caused by DEHP. The NOEC_sediment of 615,000 μg/kg was determined by the Equilibrium Partitioning (EqP) theory, conservatively assuming a threshold effect level in the water column as the water solubility of 3 μ g/L. The potential risks of DEHP in Japanese water environments were characterized simply by comparing the margin of exposure (MOE) with a specified uncertainty multiplier (UM). The MOE is expressed as the ratio of NOEC_water or NOEC_sediment to the expected environmental concentrations such as the 95th percentiles of the estimated DEHP concentration distributions for surface water or sediment. The results of risk characterization show that all MOE values calculated using the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters and sediments are above 10, indicating minimal risk. Although the DEHP concentrations of some surface water samples showed MOE values of less than 10, considering environmental chemistry such as bioavailable fractions and the form of existence of DEHP in a water environment, we conclude that the current levels of DEHP are of little concern to aquatic life in the majority of Japanese surface waters and sediments.     

生命周期评价综论

生命周期评价已被纳入到ISO14000环境管理体系中,将成为本世纪最有效的环境管理工具之一。通过综述生命周期评价的概念、起源和发展、技术框架及其应用,指出了当前生命周期评价的方法论和实践上存在的局限性,并对未来发展方向作了展望。