连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统的稳定运行——通过调控回流比及有机负荷

室温下接种成熟的好氧颗粒污泥于由独立的厌氧池和好氧池组成的交替厌氧/好氧连续流系统中,成功通过控制混合液回流比和有机负荷实现了连续流好氧颗粒污泥工艺的稳定运行.结果表明,通过调控较低进水有机负荷（300mg/L）及较低回流比（200%）使连续流系统有较好的脱氮除磷性能,出水COD,TN和TP平均浓度分别为18.78,5.79和0.49mg/L,平均去除率分别为93.76%,84.3%和83.12%.在COD浓度为500mg/L时,长期运行的连续流系统缺乏饱食饥饿的环境胁迫,导致丝状菌的生长,系统性能的恶化.用平行因子模型对不同阶段的颗粒污泥和系统出水进行表征,结果表明,有机负荷对外源底物利用相关中间产物的产生有较大影响,进水COD为300mg/L时既能有较好的脱氮除磷性能,亦能有效降低出水中基质代谢中间产物的生成量,避免了为后续消毒工艺产生消毒副产物.因此在实际的城镇污水处理厂应用中,交替厌氧/好氧连续流长期在排放限额的有机浓度（500mg/L）下运行需要增加预处理设施降低进水有机负荷,以实现连续流好氧颗粒污泥的稳定运行.     

Assessing the Impacts of E. coli Laden Streambed Sediment on E. coli Loads over a Range of Flows and Sediment Characteristics

Understanding sediment Escherichia coli levels (i.e., pathogen indicators) and their contribution to the water column during resuspension is critical for predicting in‐stream E. coli levels and the potential risk to human health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's current water quality testing strategies, however, rely on water borne E. coli concentrations to assess stream E. coli levels and identify impaired waters. In this work, we conducted a scenario analysis using a range of flows, sediment/water bacteria fractions, and particle sizes to which E. coli attach to assess the impact of E. coli in streambed sediments on water column E. coli levels. We used simple sediment transport theory to calculate the potential total E. coli concentrations in a stream with and without the resuspension process. Results clearly indicate that inclusion of resuspending sediment attached E. coli is necessary for watershed assessments and data on sediment attached E. coli concentrations is much needed. When neglecting the streambed sediment E. coli concentrations, the model predicted average E. coli loads of 10⁷ Colony Forming Units (CFU)/s; however, when streambed sediment E. coli concentrations were included in the model, the predictions ranged from 10¹⁰ to 10¹⁴ CFU/s. To evaluate the predictions, E. coli data in the streambed sediment and the water column were monitored in Squaw Creek, Iowa. Comparisons between measured and predicted E. coli loads yielded an R²‐value of 0.85.     

围压卸荷条件下砂岩损伤与动态破碎特性研究

为研究深部高应力岩体开挖卸荷对围岩的影响,运用自制的带轴向静压和围压装置的霍普金森压杆(SHPB)设备,开展不同速度围压卸荷试验。结合围压卸荷过程砂岩试样声发射特性及动态加载后试样破碎块度分维特性,分析围压卸荷速率对试样损伤的影响。试验结果表明:当卸荷速率在0.5～10 MPa/s范围内变化时,砂岩损伤、声发射能量及破碎分形维数随围压卸荷速率增大而增大;但当卸荷速率增大到200 MPa/s时,砂岩损伤、声发射能量及破碎分形维数反而减小。在一定范围内提高围压卸荷速率,有助于提高砂岩试样裂隙发育及损伤程度。     

Critical Loads – Is There A Need For A New Concept?

The concept of critical loads has been an important andsuccessful tool for the development of control strategiesfor transboundary air pollution in Europe. The use of theconcept has led us to a situation where very few areas inEurope will have an exceedance of critical loads foracidification in 2010, indicating that the benefits offurther control acidifying substances will be lessuseful. The critical loads concept does not, however,take into account the large benefits of further controlin damaged systems but where critical loads are nolonger exceeded. In this paper we discuss the importanceof widening the critical loads concept to include thesebenefits and we propose an additional effect-relatedmeasure, Dynamic Impact Analysis, to be included infurther control strategies and assessments. With such aconcept the actual situation and its further developmentwill be included in assessments and control strategies.     

河南省鹤壁市淇河流域（淇县段）农业非点源污染状况调查及评价研究

为了解淇县淇河流域农业非点源污染状况,采用资料搜集为主,现场监测补缺、核实为辅的方法,对淇县农业面源污染进行了调查。选取2013年淇县下辖的各乡镇各污染源排放的COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷为评价指标,用等标污染负荷法分区域、分来源进行了污染负荷评价。结果表明：淇县等标污染负荷总计42051.61×106 m3/a,其中,西岗镇最高,等标污染负荷为8189.42×106 m3/a,灵山办事处最低,等标污染负荷为987．98×106 m3/a;畜禽养殖业源等标污染负荷最高,为36384.95×106 m3/a,其次是种植业源,等标污染负荷为3023.92×106 m3/a。污染负荷比中总磷污染负荷比最高占61%,其次是总氮占27%。     

Deltas at risk

The long-term sustainability of populated deltas is often more affected by large-scale engineering projects than sea-level rise associated with global warming and the global ocean volume increase. On deltas, the rate of relative eustatic sea-level rise is often smaller than the rate for isostatic-controlled subsidence and of the same order of magnitude as natural sediment compaction. Accelerated compaction associated with petroleum and groundwater mining can exceed natural subsidence rates by an order of magnitude. The reduction in sediment delivery to deltas due to trapping behind dams, along with the human control of routing river discharge across delta plains, contributes to the sinking of world deltas. Consequences include shoreline erosion, threatened mangroves swamps and wetlands, increased salinization of cultivated land, and hundreds of millions of humans put at risk.     

Monitored and Modeled Correlations of Sediment and Nutrients with Chesapeake Bay Water Clarity

This article analyzes the correlations of the observed and modeled light attenuation coefficient, Kd, with in situ total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll‐a concentrations in Chesapeake Bay (CB) tidal waters, and with sediment and nutrient loads from the Chesapeake watershed. Light attenuation is closely related to in situ TSS and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, however, the strength of the correlation differs among the CB segments. There are distinct differences between saline and tidal fresh segments in the main Bay, but less distinction among saline and tidal fresh segments in the tidal tributaries. The correlation between Kd with sediment and nutrient loads is complicated by the lag times of TSS and the chlorophyll‐a responses to reductions in nutrient and sediment loads from the watershed, and also due to the diverse load sources. Three sets of model sensitivity scenarios were performed with: (1) differential sediment and nutrient loads; (2) selective sediment source types; and (3) geographically isolated inputs. The model results yield similar findings as those based on observed data and provide information regarding the effect of sediment on specific water bodies. Based on the model results a method was developed to determine sediment and nutrient load reductions needed to achieve the water clarity standards of the CB segments.     

Should I stay or should I go? Testing optimality models of stopover decisions in migrating birds

Time-minimizing migrants should leave a stopover site if the instantaneous speed of migration drops to the average speed of migration in the environment. This argument has been used in two different ways: either there is local variation in the fuel deposition rate and a fixed expected speed or there is global variation in the fuel deposition rate, i.e. locally experienced variation represents global variation along the route. The first case leads to a far steeper relationship between departure load and fuel deposition rate than the second case. So far, data on departure loads have mainly been analysed within the concept of local variation of the fuel deposition rate and the result that the observed slopes are much lower than predicted has been explained by changes in the expected speed along the route or by individual differences in the expected speed. We show here that the observed relationships generally fall close to the predictions for global variation. We propose that migrants use a behavioural rule which projects the current experience into the future and therefore interprets local variation as global variation. Received: 3 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 22 April 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999     

长江流域磷及“三磷”入河通量及其对干流关键断面磷通量的贡献：模型与情景分析

河流磷含量是河流水质的一个重要指标.全球和区域尺度上河流磷的循环和含量的关系已经被广泛关注,但河流磷的来源及其对河流磷通量的贡献在空间格局上存在巨大的差异.近10年来,长江流域磷矿、磷化工和磷石膏（简称“三磷”）的陆源输入可能是河流磷的重要来源之一,但“三磷”的入河量及其对长江关键断面磷通量的贡献仍然不清楚.本研究基于流域高分辨率（100 m×100 m）的土地利用、磷的生物地球化学收支、河流strahler分级理论、河道截留的“spiraling”理论等,模拟流域陆源磷的入河量、长江关键断面磷输送通量及“三磷”入河量对长江输送磷通量的贡献份额,并将模型结果与长江关键断面连续2年（2016—2017年）的实测结果进行对比验证.结果表明,长江流域2010—2017年多年总磷入河量约为52.0×10⁷ kg,总磷入河模数为（285.19±23.38） kg·km^-2·a^-1.流域总磷入河量主要受到面源输入和“三磷”输入的控制, 其中,“三磷”入河量从9.23×10⁷ kg增加到26.57×10⁷ kg.长江流域“三磷”入河量存在显著的空间变化,金沙江下游、乌江流域、长江上游地区、岷沱江流域、汉江和长江中游等子流域“三磷”贡献了长江磷输送通量的32.8%,是长江磷的主要来源之一.模型情景分析揭示情景3、4、9减排效果显著且可以实现,建议作为当前长江水环境磷规划管理工作的首要选择.     

飞机重载大变形伸缩变体机构动力学仿真研究

目的为适应先进战斗机外形变体需求,设计复杂严重载荷环境下的伸缩机构,在整体弯曲、扭转等大变形条件下发挥支持变体运动和传递大载荷的系统功能。方法针对此类重载大变形伸缩机构,构建一种结合机构动力学和结构动力学的仿真分析方法,综合考虑运动过程中整体刚度分布变化带来的载荷、运动传递特性变化,以及局部轮轨运动组件的接触动力学细节,开展伸缩过程中的动力学仿真。结果计算获取了整个伸缩机构在严重外载荷下的伸缩过程运动参数变化和机构动响应,与典型盒段带载伸缩运动试验测试相比,机构连接交点载荷最大值的计算误差不超过7.9%,自由端位移最大值的计算误差不超过13.2%。结论建立的方法为各组件的传动传载性能优化和结构强度设计分析提供了一种可靠高效的仿真手段,对于变体飞机伸缩运动部件的结构/机构一体化设计有重要的应用价值。