长期施肥和耕作下紫色土坡耕地径流TN和TP流失特征

为探究长期施肥和耕作对坡耕地径流率及随径流流失的氮、磷元素的影响,在紫色土坡耕地设置5个处理：顺坡耕作无施肥（CK）、顺坡耕作有机肥与化肥配施（T1）、顺坡耕作单施化肥（T2）、顺坡耕作单施化肥增量（T3）和横坡垄作单施化肥（T4）,分析了2008~2019年间共104场侵蚀性降雨事件下,各处理的径流率,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）流失浓度及其流失率的变化特征.结果表明,各施肥处理间径流率差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均低于CK（P<0.05）.CK处理的TN流失浓度显著高于其他施肥处理（P<0.05）,T2、T3和T4处理间TN流失浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著高于T1（P<0.05）.T1、T2和T3处理的TP流失浓度显著高于CK（P<0.05）,但T4处理的TP流失浓度显著低于CK（P<0.05）.各施肥处理间TN流失率差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著低于CK（P<0.05）;各顺坡耕作处理间TP流失率差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著高于横坡耕作（P<0.05）.CK、T1及T2处理下,径流率与TN、TP流失浓度间的关系不显著,在T3处理下上述关系表现为显著的线性负相关（P<0.05）,在T4处理下则为显著的线性正相关（P<0.05）.研究结果可为紫色土区坡耕地农业面源污染防治提供科学指导.     

典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion in the Tibetan Plateau from 1984 to 2013北大核心CSCD

Soil erosion has a critical effect on ecological security and socioeconomics, which may deteriorate ecosystem services and common human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was applied to assess soil erosion from 1984 to 2013 in the Tibetan Plateau and analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion intensity. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial variation rates of soil erosion were explored across different ecosystems. The results indicated that the annual soil erosion fuctuated in the Tibetan Plateau, the soil erosion intensity decreased from south to north, and the most serious soil erosion was mainly distributed in the southern Tibetan Plateau (Xigaze and Changdu regions, Lhasa, and north of the Shannan region). The soil erosion intensity was higher in shrub, alpine meadow, and sparse vegetation ecosystems. The highest soil erosion was found in alpine meadow (2.17 × 1010 t), followed by alpine grassland (1.59 × 1010 t) and sparse vegetation (1.30 × 1010 t) ecosystems. Meanwhile, although the most serious soil erosion intensity was found in the regions of 3 000-4 000 m altitude, the soil erosion was mainly observed in the regions of 4 000-5 000 m altitude. In the three most recent decades, annual soil erosion decreased at a rate of-1.78 × 108 t/a. Additionally, soil erosion mainly increased in south of the Qiangtang Plateau and in the periphery of the Qaidam basin. Decreased soil erosion was mainly found along the Hengduan Mountains, central Himalayas. Although the increased annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) had positive effects for soil protection, changes in soil erosion was mainly controlled by the change of annual precipitation. Thus, the fragility of ecological systems and increased rainfall erosivity accounted for the obviously increased soil erosion in the alpine grassland ecosystem (1.19 × 10 t/a). However, increased ecosystem stability and decreased rainfall erosivity contributed to the decreased soil erosion in forest and shrub ecosystems, by-0.77 × 10 t/a and-1.65 × 10 t/a, respectively. The slightly decreased rainfall erosivity accounted for a decrease of soil erosion in the sparse vegetation ecosystem (-0.44 × 10 t/a). Meanwhile, soil erosion has decreased in the alpine meadow ecosystem over the past 30 years, which may owing to the relatively higher NDVI that neutralized the increase of rainfall erosivity to some extent. This study revealed serious soil erosion regions and ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau and explored possible reasons for variations in soil erosion in different ecosystems, which may provide a scientific reference for soil erosion conservation and control in the near future. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

水雾荷电振弦纤维栅除尘器除尘性能影响因素的实验研究

为研究除尘系统结构最优配置,实验采用新型高效水雾荷电振弦栅除尘方法,以除尘效率及阻力损失为参照结果,选定纤维栅板数量、纤维栅与喷嘴间距、纤维栅材料和间隙4个因素进行单因素试验,针对各因素对纤维栅除尘效率的影响进行了分析研究,结果表明多块纤维栅除尘效果明显优于单块纤维栅,正常处理风速时3块纤维栅的除尘效率最高,纤维栅阻力与其数量呈正比;纤维栅除尘效率随间距增大而先增后减,间距为230 mm时除尘效率最高;塑胶纤维栅除尘效果明显优于其他材料,各阻力值排序为:塑胶＞涤纶＞不锈钢＞尼龙;纤维栅除尘效率随纤维间隙增大而降低,其阻力随间隙增大而减小;利用SPSS软件进行4因素三水平正交试验分析,在特定条件下除尘效率显著性排序为:纤维栅数=纤维栅间隙＞纤维材料＞纤维栅与喷嘴间距;阻力损失显著性排序为:纤维栅数=纤维栅间隙=纤维材料=纤维栅与喷嘴间距;试验最佳配置为3块间隙0.6 mm尼龙纤维栅板,且纤维栅板距喷嘴最小间距为185 mm。     

矿井瓦斯涌出量预测的GM(1,1)模型研究

矿井瓦斯渗出量预测,对矿井安全及正常生产至关重要。由于矿井瓦斯涌出量的影响因索、关联变量和约束条件复杂,对各因素之间的影响程度难以区分和把握,因此在预测预报中的精度较差。而采用灰色理论则具有高度的概括性,可以把各种不确定的因素,统一用一个简单的“灰数”表示,预测精度高而且使用简单。在分析某矿历年来相对瓦斯涌出量的基础上,应用灰色系统理论对其瓦斯涌出量进行了预测,其方法与结果对预防煤矿恶性事故的发生,悍证煤矿的安全生产具有重要意义。     

Loss of Pesticides from Agricultural Fields in SE Norway – Runoff Through Surface and Drainage Water

Loss of two pesticides with different mobility characteristics, bentazone (Koc 34) and propiconazole (Koc 1800), were studied at three agricultural fields (Askim, Bjørnebekk and Syverud) in SE Norway. A conservative tracer (Br) was used to follow the flow of water. The loss of pesticides varied among the fields, depending on hydrological characteristics and soil properties. The loss of pesticides was higher from two artificially levelled silty clay loam soils with poor aggregate stability (Askim and Bjørnebekk) compared to a loam/silt loam soil with increased content of organic carbon and better aggregate stability (Syverud). The total accumulated loss was <0.5% from all fields. The highest pesticide concentrations were measured at the first runoff episode after application for both the mobile (bentazone) and less mobile pesticide (propiconazole) in the surface runoff. In the drainage water, the peak for the less mobile pesticide coincided with the Br tracer, while the peak for mobile pesticide appeared earlier than the Br tracer. Rapid movement of water, particles and pesticides through soils indicate flow through macropores. Larger proportions (in percent of total applied) of both the mobile and the strongly sorbed pesticides were lost through the drainage as compared to the loss through surface runoff at Askim. Here, it is suggested that macropore flow contribute to the increased loss of pesticides through the drainage. At Syverud, high infiltration capacity reduces the amount of water available for surface runoff, and somewhat higher loss of the mobile pesticide was registered in the drainage compared to the surface runoff. For the strongly sorbed pesticide, however, propiconazole was neither detected in surface nor in drainage water at Syverud. Generally, there was a higher percentage loss of the mobile compared to the strongly sorbed pesticide in both surface and drainage water, which is in agreement with the pesticides mobility characteristics in soil. An exception was, however, the erodible soil Bjørnebekk, where a higher fraction of propiconazole was lost in the surface runoff compared to bentazone. Large amounts of sediment transport from the Bjørnebekk field probably contributed to enhanced transport of the strongly sorbed pesticide.     

建筑火灾风险及财产损失评估技术进展

从火灾保险发展历程出发,阐述了进行火灾风险评估的必要性。比较评述了美国的建筑防火评估方法,加拿大的FIRECAM方法,澳大利亚的风险评估模型;综述了火灾风险评估的现状、发展以及现实意义;提出建立火蔓延模型,确定建筑物火灾损失率的数学期望和方差,建立典型可燃物火蔓延模型与典型建筑火灾荷载统计方法;认为预估建筑物火灾烧损时,烧损的面积以及财产综合损失是当前亟需研究的问题。     

自然资源价值论及其在环境影响评价中的应用

对自然资源价值理论进行了论述,运用环境经济学方法分析了现行环境影响评价之不足,提出应用自然资源价值对环境损益进行定量分析,是提高环境影响评价有效性的必然途径.最后介绍了自然资源的价值评价方法.     

污染损失率法评价矿山井下空气质量

使用污染损失率法对矿山井下空气质量进行了评价.参考空气质量标准,确定了污染损失率公式中的待定参数.根据确定的污染损失率公式,选取矿山井下常见空气污染物TSP、CO、NOx、O3,对金属矿山井下空气质量进行了评价.结果表明:评价结果与实际环境质量比较吻合,评价方法含义明确,计算简便.