不同营养水平下苦草对附着和浮游藻类的影响

通过室内培养,研究了不同营养盐浓度下苦草对附着藻类和浮游藻类的影响,同时比较了两种藻类对不同营养盐浓度的响应,结果发现附着藻类在中高营养盐浓度下生物量较高而浮游藻类在中低营养盐浓度下生物量较高,虽然两者对营养盐的响应不一致,但其最大量都出现在中高浓度的营养盐状态下。在中低营养盐浓度下(ρTN=0.4～2.5mg/L),苦草促进附着藻类而抑制浮游藻类,即相比于浮游藻类而言,附着藻类对苦草的敏感性较低。在较高营养盐浓度(ρTN=4.5～6.5mg/L)下,苦草对附着藻类产生了极显著的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随着营养盐浓度的增加而增强,在ρTN=6.5mg/L的处理条件下,苦草对附着藻类的抑制率近80%,但是在此营养盐浓度处理下,苦草对浮游藻类的抑制作用却减弱甚至消失了。     

太湖沼泽化评价方法的建立及应用

为了研究太湖的沼泽化现状,在考虑太湖生态类型空间分布多样性特征的基础上,遵循以水生植物为主、促淤效应为辅的沼泽化评价原则,选取水生植物类型、水生植物生物量、沉积速率、平均水深为指标,构建了沼泽化定量评价体系,并对太湖沼泽化综合指数进行分湖区计算.结果表明,太湖沼泽化程度可分3个水平:处于沼泽化盛期的东太湖,其沼泽化综合指数为2.81,为全湖最高;处于沼泽化前期的东部滨岸区、贡湖和南部沿岸区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为1.36、1.19、1.18;不存在沼泽化问题的梅梁湾、西部沿岸区及湖心区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为0.90、0.79、0.05.对沼泽化程度严重的东太湖有必要采取人工生物量控制、生态清淤、围网养殖规划等减缓沼泽化进程的治理措施.     

太湖大型水生植物的管理探讨

太湖是我国的第三大浅水湖泊,其东、西太湖两部分的水体状况、水生植被差异甚大。西太湖大部分水域出现严重的藻型富营养化,许多水生植被消失,水质恶化;东太湖水生植物群落结构发生变化,沼生植物比例增大,湖泊沼泽化严重。针对东、西太湖的具体情况,参考国内外湖泊治理的经验,本文提出了对东、西太湖水生植被采取相应管理措施的建议。     

静态条件下沉水植物净化污水厂尾水能力研究

为了解沉水植物对污水处理厂尾水水质净化效果,研究了滇池流域常见的5种沉水植物对昆明市第五污水处理厂尾水的净化能力。通过室外模拟、实验室测定,分析了单一种沉水植物对水环境质量的改善能力。结果表明:5种沉水植物均有一定能力去除水体中总磷、总氮、氨氮、COD,但随着沉水植物的生长,其叶片的腐烂分解又提高了水体氮磷等有机物的含量。该研究从水体水质的多个指标可见,苦草、马来眼子菜和金鱼藻在各方面表现能力均较强,可作为滇池流域河道水体修复优先选用的物种。以污水厂活性污泥和红壤混合物作为底质,在静态条件下菹草和浮叶眼子菜在污水厂尾水中很难长期存活下来,作为构建富营养化水体生态修复方案还需进一步研究。     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes, using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis. Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition (N, NH₄Cl 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, whichmay be related to the reason that the root growthwas affected byNaddition. Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH₄⁺ may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

Bacterial succession in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments during Hydrilla verticillata decay: A field investigation

Submersed macrophytes decay is an important natural process and has important role in mass and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the dynamical changes in nutrients release and bacterial community during submersed macrophyte decay in natural environment. In this study, a field observation was conducted in a wetland dominated with Hydrilla verticillata for 36 days. Increase of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decrease of soluble proteins concentration were detected in leaves during H. verticillata decay. Meanwhile, ammonium-N, soluble microbial products (SMP) and TOC concentration increased in overlying water. According to bacterial 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing analysis, the Shannon values were lower in epiphytic biofilms than deciduous layer sediments. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria were higher in epiphytic biofilms than in deciduous layer sediments (P < 0.05). Co-occurrence network analyses showed that a total of 578 and 845 pairs of correlations (|r| > 0.6) were identified from 122 and 112 genera in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments, respectively. According to co-occurrence patterns, eight hubs were mainly from phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria in epiphytic biofilms; while 37 hubs from the 14 phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, et al.) were detected in deciduous layer sediments. Our results indicate that bacterial community in deciduous layer sediments was more susceptible than in epiphytic biofilms during decay process. These data highlight the role of microbial community in deciduous layer sediments on nutrients removal during H. verticillata decay and will provide useful information for wetland management.     

温度对沉水植物腐解释放DOM及微生物群落多样性的影响

在5,10,20,35℃下研究了黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解过程中DOM的特性、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的变化.结果表明,腐解结束时5,10,20,35℃下黑藻的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的59.13%、43.91%、32.61%和29.57%,马来眼子菜的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的69.13%、51.3%、30.87%和29.57%.升高温度一定程度上促进了植物有机碳和全氮释放,对全磷无明显影响（P>0.05）.采用平行因子分析法得到黑藻中含有2种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和1种类蛋白质组分C3,马来眼子菜中含有3种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和C3.温度升高使得腐解水体中DO和电导率的变化程度加剧,总体上4种温度下2种植物腐解水体中DO均呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过高通量测序得到腐解前期（0~16d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的主要细菌分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;腐解中后期（16~68d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的细菌分别以厚壁菌门（Phylum Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,温度对细菌群落结构无明显影响,而参与2种植物腐解的真菌均以子囊菌（Ascomycetes）最为活跃.     

贡湖生态修复区水质净化模拟与净化能力

利用三维水质模型,对藻类生长以及沉水植物（穗花狐尾藻、菹草、苦草）的生长和分布进行模拟,探讨春、夏不同季节情况下,贡湖生态修复区对流域内流入的氮、磷污染负荷的净化效果,旨在进一步定量地揭示沉水植物对富营养化水体净化的重要作用.结果表明贡湖生态修复区夏季（7~9月）出水口IV类水水质达标率略优于春季（3~5月）,主要体现在春季氮、磷污染负荷流入,刺激藻类生长,叶绿素a浓度较高;夏季沉水植物生长旺盛,能够与藻类竞争营养盐,从而抑制藻类生长.考虑氮磷污染物流入湖体的后续效应,180d内春季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为74.76%和71.00%,180d内夏季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为73.20%和64.65%.修复区最大净化能力估算结果为加强生态修复区的管理,保障清水还湖水质提供了参考依据.     

沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律

在实验室模拟条件下研究了常见沉水植物苦草、金鱼藻在自然衰亡过程中主要营养盐氮、磷的释放过程,探索沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律. 结果表明:秋、冬季低温条件下,苦草、金鱼藻逐渐衰亡腐败,该过程向水体中释放的氮、磷很少,大部分氮、磷保留在植物残体中. 至次年天气回暖后,植物体的腐败分解有所加快,向水体释放氮、磷并有部分氮、磷沉积进入底泥. 苦草、金鱼藻具有较低的分解速度,有利于降低系统中氮、磷的循环速度. 残留植物体的生物量可影响植物体的分解速度和程度,较大的生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,植物残体分解加剧,导致水质严重恶化.      

水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷的截留效应

为有效阻控农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过动态模拟实验研究对比不同排水沟渠对农田流失氮、磷的截留作用,同时通过静态模拟实验重点探讨了水生植物对氮、磷在水－沉积物－水生植物这一微观系统中的截留机理.结果表明:沟渠中的水生植物茭白和菖蒲对氮、磷的截留和转化有明显的促进作用;水生植物的存在可以加速氮、磷界面交换和传递,从而使上覆水中氮、磷含量快速减少;沉积物间隙水中氮、磷含量的变化受界面交换、沉积物吸附、微生物转化及植物吸收等各方面因素影响,水生植物调整并加强氮、磷的各种转化,植物的存在使得间隙水中氨氮及磷酸盐含量降低并呈现规律变化.