Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.     

Heterogeneity of chlorinated hydrocarbon sorption properties in a sandy aquifer

Hydraulic conductivity and sorption coefficients for chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene) were evaluated for 216 sediment samples collected across a 15 m transect and a 21 m depth interval in a contaminated aquifer near Schoolcraft, Michigan. Relationships between hydraulic conductivity, linear sorption partition coefficients, grain size classes, and spatial location were investigated using linear regression analysis and geostatistical techniques. Clear evidence of layering was found in sorption properties, hydraulic conductivity and grain sizes. Conductivity correlated well with grain size, as expected, but sorption varied inversely with grain size, contrary to some previous reports. No significant correlation was found between sorption properties and hydraulic conductivity. This is likely due to the unexpected presence of small amounts of highly sorptive coal-like solids, which dominate the sorption behavior but have little effect on conductivity. The results demonstrate that recent findings regarding the high sorption capacity of coal materials found in soils can exert a controlling influence on contaminant transport. Designers of in situ remediation systems should be cautioned that 1) it is not reasonable to assume that sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are related, 2) sorption capacity and hydraulic conductivity are critical measurements for contaminant site characterization and subsequent transport modeling, 3) estimating sorption capacity from organic carbon measurement may lead to greater errors than performing sorption isotherms, and 4) it is more important to characterize vertical heterogeneity rather than horizontal heterogeneity because both sorption and hydraulic conductivity are correlated across longer distances in the horizontal plane.     

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of organic contaminants by kerogen in a sandy aquifer material

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were investigated for the Borden aquifer material with total organic carbon of 0.021% and the isolated natural organic matter (NOM). The isolated NOM is a kerogen type of organic matter with relatively low maturation degree and contained many different types of organic matters including vitrinite particles. The modified Freundlich sorption capacities (logK^′_f and logK^′_foc) are very close for the sorption of the four solutes by the isolated NOM and the original sand, respectively. Isotherm non-linearity (n value) and hysteric behaviors are related to solute molecular properties (e.g. K_ow and molecular size). Kerogen encapsulated by inorganic matrices in the original aquifer may not be accessed fully by solutes. The larger the hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) (hydrophobic organic contaminant) molecule is, the lower accessibility of the HOC to kerogen. This study disputes widely held hypothesis that sorption to mineral surfaces may play a major role in the overall sorption by low TOC (e.g. 0.1% by mass) geomaterials such as Borden sand. It also demonstrates the importance of the condensed NOM domain, even at very low contents, in the sorption and desorption hysteresis of HOCs in groundwater systems.     

江苏新沂市越流含水层的地下水资源评价

中国利用越流含水层作为城市供水水源地的实例并不多见。本文根据实际开采资料,利用伽略金（Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ）有限元法计算当补给层水头变化时越流含水层的地下水资源,并提出水位预测的方法。还利用补给层的水量平衡评价越流含水层开采量的保证程度,预测了新水源地投产后对老水源地的影响。本文对于正确认识越流含水层的地下水资源特性及其在城市供水中的意义有重要参考价值。     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

河道硬化对傍河地下水源补给结构及范围的影响

为研究傍河地下水的水均衡状况,以及傍河水源井群补给范围受河道硬化的影响,选取张家口盆地的Y傍河地下水源地为研究对象.采用数值模拟法建立研究区地下水数值模型,通过水均衡分析探究河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡状况造成的影响;利用MODPATH对水源井群进行质点反向示踪模拟,获得井口质点向前追踪1 000 d的补给范围,对比水源井群补给范围并结合历史与近期水质数据分析河道硬化造成的影响.结果表明:①傍河地下水水均衡情况显示,主要的补给项为边界流入和降雨入渗,二者补给量分别为208.04×103与35.91×103 m3/d,占比分别为82.88%与14.31%;主要的排泄项为边界流出与地下水开采,二者排泄量分别为152.12×103与95.40×103 m3/d,占比分别为60.60%与38.01%.②河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡的影响表现为河水对地下水的入渗量减少了46.79×103 m3/d,入渗量减幅为86.91%,且地下水停止了对河水的排泄,补给范围地下水水位下降了2~6 m.③河道硬化对傍河水源井群补给范围的影响表现为井群1 000 d的补给范围沿河流方向上减少了271 m,垂直河流的最宽距离增加了210 m,面积增加了0.77 km2,补给区域向远离河岸的方向发生偏移.④河道硬化对傍河地下水水质影响表现为河道硬化后傍河地下水pH、总硬度、氨氮浓度等均下降,有效减少了地表水污染物的入渗,但地下水的化学环境发生改变,潜在风险增加.研究显示,河道硬化极大地阻碍了河流与地下水之间的相互作用,严重影响了傍河地下水源的补给量和补给范围,使水源井群的补给区域发生偏移,给傍河地下水水源安全带来新的潜在风险.      

密度效应对修复药剂在含水层迁移的影响——以KMnO4溶液为例的室内实验研究

利用典型的地下水修复药剂KMnO₄,通过一系列二维模拟槽实验,探究了密度效应作用下KMnO₄在模拟含水层的迁移分布规律,并分析了溶液浓度和介质粒径对密度效应的影响.结果表明,KMnO₄溶液在中砂和粗砂的模拟含水层中产生了明显的下沉现象,且迁移锋面的下沉程度会随着迁移进程不断加重,这导致KMnO₄的运移逐渐由推流向分层流转变,致使部分浅层模拟含水层无法接触KMnO₄;介质粒径越大、药剂浓度越高,密度效应造成的初期锋面下沉现象越明显,但后期下沉的变化幅度却和粒径与浓度成反比;对于锋面后的药剂迁移主体区域,KMnO₄会随着迁移时间延长逐渐分布均匀,并达到与原浓度基本一致的水平.     

复合有机污染物在含水层介质表面的吸附性能

为明确氯代烃芳香烃类复合污染物在含水层介质上的吸附特性,选取甲苯、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷,1,2,3-三氯丙烷（TCP）作为典型污染物开展吸附试验,结果表明吸附过程符合Henry线性模型,分配系数K_p值分别为0.38,0.41,0.73,1.00kg/L,污染物在细砂上的吸附强度顺序为甲苯>苯> 1,2-二氯丙烷> TCP;竞争吸附试验结果表明,苯可以明显促进甲苯在细砂介质上的吸附,而甲苯抑制了苯的吸附;1,2-二氯丙烷抑制TCP在细砂介质上的吸附,而TCP对1,2-二氯丙烷的吸附影响并不明显.TCP在含水层介质上的吸附量随甲苯浓度增加而增大;当甲苯初始浓度<2mg/L时,TCP对于甲苯在含水层介质上的吸附起促进作用,当甲苯的初始浓度³2mg/L时,TCP对于其在含水层介质上的吸附起抑制作用.     

对城市雨水地下回灌的分析

城市扩张带来雨水径量增大，排出时间缩短并由此产生一系列后果，对城区雨水回灌地区的效益进行了讨论，分析城区雨水径流水质污污状况及其影响因素，初期雨水径流污染严重，主要受到地面条件，屋面材料，气温，降雨量及降雨强度等影响，根据对雨水水质的研究结果，分析了雨水回灌地下的条件及必要的雨水处理措施，对雨水回灌技术作了简略的论述。     

CO2SINK—From site characterisation and risk assessment to monitoring and verification: One year of operational experience with the field laboratory for CO2 storage at Ketzin, Germany

The CO₂SINK pilot project at Ketzin is aimed at a better understanding of geological CO₂ storage operation in a saline aquifer. The reservoir consists of fluvial deposits with average permeability ranging between 50 and 100 mDarcy. The main focus of CO₂SINK is developing and testing of monitoring and verification technologies. All wells, one for injection and two for observation, are equipped with smart casings (sensors behind casing, facing the rocks) containing a Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and electrodes for Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The in-hole Gas Membrane Sensors (GMS) observed the arrival of tracers and CO₂ with high temporal resolution. Geophysical monitoring includes Moving Source Profiling (MSP), Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), crosshole, star and 4-D seismic experiments. Numerical models are benchmarked via the monitoring results indicating a sufficient match between observation and prediction, at least for the arrival of CO₂ at the first observation well. Downhole samples of brine showed changes in the fluid composition and biocenosis. First monitoring results indicate anisotropic flow of CO₂ coinciding with the “on-time” arrival of CO₂ at observation well one (Ktzi 200) and the later arrival at observation well two (Ktzi 202). A risk assessment was performed prior to the start of injection. After one year of operations about 18,000 t of CO₂ were injected safely.