Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

北京市区春夏PM2.5和PM10浓度变化特征研究

通过对北京市2012年3月～6月PM2.5和PM10实时数据的整理和分析,结果表明,北京市区大气中细颗粒物PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物PM10浓度日变化趋势基本相同,PM2.5和PM10存在显著或极显著的正相关关系;3月～6月,PM2.5浓度随季节变化逐渐升高,PM10的浓度随季节变化先升高后减小;3月～6月PM2.5与PM10日平均浓度分别为62.77μg/m3和133.88μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准的83.69%和89.25%。     

有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响

控制农业温室气体排放(如N_2O)是减缓全球气候变暖的一个重要措施.本研究通过动态监测小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放通量,探究不施任何肥料(对照,CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、75%NPK+25%(有机氮M)(25%M)、50%NPK+50%M(50%M)、25%NPK+75%M(75%M)以及100%M,即不同有机氮替代比例对陕西关中塿土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系N_2O排放及作物产量的影响.结果表明,各处理N_2O排放通量在施肥、降雨或灌水后出现排放峰值.在小麦季各处理变化幅度为-1.33~144.2μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其中NPK处理峰值最高.玉米季各处理变化幅度为88.2~1 800.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),50%M处理峰值最高.小麦/玉米一个轮作年不同处理N_2O排放总量为429.8~2 632.1 g·hm~(-2),且50%M25%MNPK75%M100%MCK.无论小麦、玉米还是一个轮作年总产量,施肥处理产量均显著高于对照.小麦季,施用有机肥的处理小麦产量均显著高于单施化肥处理,增幅达26.1%~50.0%.玉米季,50%M和75%M处理产量与NPK相似,而25%M和100%M处理玉米产量显著低于NPK处理.小麦/玉米轮作总产量变幅为9 166~17 496 kg·hm~(-2),其中50%M和75%M处理显著高于NPK处理,25%M和100%M处理与NPK处理无显著差异.综合考虑塿土小麦/玉米轮作体系有机氮替代化肥氮75%最好,可以保证作物产量、实现N_2O减排.     

气象条件对上甸子地区气溶胶散射特征的影响

利用北京地区上甸子站气溶胶散射系数、PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素1 a的观测资料,研究不同天气条件下上甸子地区散射系数的变化特征,并讨论了气象条件对散射系数的影响.结果表明,散射系数在雾霾天最高608.4 Mm-1,其次为雾天500.6 Mm-1和霾天423.7 Mm-1,是一般天气散射系数的6.4～9.2倍.在各类天...     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。     

油指纹快速分析辅助鉴别及油品信息可视化管理系统

针对海上溢油事故排查鉴别的需求,开发了一套油指纹数据管理和鉴别软件系统,系统包括综合信息数据库和数据分析鉴别两大组成部分。开发的数据库用来存储基础地理信息、油样空间信息、油样基本信息、油样二维谱图数据、油样特征指纹数据等。指纹分析鉴别模块实现了油样谱图的准确积分、特征指纹指标计算、油样比对鉴别、油样分类鉴别、油样检索排查等功能。系统开发完成后,在黄渤海多次溢油事故中得到了很好的应用,具有高效性和可靠性,极大提高了溢油事故排查工作的效率,为海上溢油事故执法调查提供了重要的技术支撑。     

基于事故统计分析的城市轨道交通运营安全和可靠性研究

本文通过对城市轨道交通运营事故的统计分析,研究了影响轨道交通运营安全和可靠性的主要因素,并构建了城市轨道交通运营安全保障体系,以为提高轨道交通运营安全和可靠性的研究提供依据。     

基于悬臂梁力学模型分析高边坡危岩体的稳定性——以四川省三清村高边坡W1危岩体为例

四川省苍溪县三清村高边坡的稳定性对当地居民的人身安全构成了威胁,需要对高边坡进行稳定性分析和评价。本文针对三清村高边坡自来水厂段W1危岩体,采用悬臂梁力学模型对其稳定性进行了定量计算及分析,结果表明:将计算所得的W1危岩体截面的最大剪切应力与截面允许的最大剪切应力进行对比,可以判断W1危岩体在自然条件下处于稳定状态,在暴雨和地震条件下处于不稳定状态,该结果与野外的宏观判断结论基本一致。