Combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection,compression‐ignition engine when operated on Honge oil,HOME and blends of HOME and diesel

This paper reports the results of research conducted to study the fuel properties of Honge oil and blends of its ester and the subsequent testing of these oils in a four‐stroke, single cylinder, water‐cooled, direct injection, compression‐ignition (CI) engine. Experiments were conducted with injection timings of 19, 23 and 27° BTDC at various loads and at a constant rated speed of 1500?rev?min^?1. The performance and emission characteristics of Honge oil and Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) blended with diesel, to produce blends designated B20, B40 and B80, were studied. The heat release rates, maximum rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, and combustion duration for these fuel combinations were determined.     

Combustion characteristics of a four-stroke CI engine operated on Honge and Jatropha oil methyl ester–ethanol blends when directly injected and dual fuelled with CNG induction

The demand for petroleum products in India has been increasing at a rate higher than the increase of domestic availability. At the same time, there is continuous pressure on emission control through periodically tightened regulations particularly in metropolitan cities. In the wake of this situation, there is an urgent need to promote the use of alternative fuels as substitutes for high-speed diesel. Dual-fuel mode of operation employing compressed natural gas (CNG) and plant oils such as Honge and Jatropha oils and their esters is an attractive option as our country has a large agriculture base that can be a feedstock to this fuel technology which can ease the burden on the economy by curtailing fuel imports. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the behaviour of Honge and Jatropha oil methyl esters and their blends with 15% ethanol and subsequent testing of these oils in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, water-cooled, direct-injection compression ignition engine in dual-fuel mode with CNG induction.     

Effect of hydrogen addition to CNG in a biodiesel-operated dual-fuel engine

Alternative fuels for diesel engine applications are gaining more prominence as they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable; provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings. They address environmental concerns and socio-economic issues as well. Gaseous fuels such as compressed natural gas and hydrogenated compressed natural gas (HCNG) appear more attractive fuels for diesel engine applications operated in dual-fuel mode. Such dual fuel engines can replace considerable amount of liquid-injected pilot fuels by gaseous fuels besides being friendly to the environment. A small quantity of liquid fuel injected towards the end of the compression stroke initiates combustion of the inducted gas in the dual-fuel engines. The main advantage of dual-fuel engines is their lower nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate emissions. Hence renewable fuels such as biodiesels and gaseous fuels can be used predominantly for transportation and power generation applications. Gaseous fuels are clean burning and are more economical as well. A suitable carburettor was designed to supply a stoichiometric mixture of air and HCNG to the modified diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode. The biodiesel used in this study is derived from Honge oil called the Honge oil methyl ester (HOME). This paper presents the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, stationary diesel engine operated on HOME and HCNG in dual-fuel mode. From the results it is observed that HOME–HCNG combination gave lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and improved emission levels when compared with diesel/HOME in single fuel operation. Lower smoke and particulate matter were obtained with dual-fuel operation. Comparative measures of BTE, peak pressure, pressure–crank angle variation, smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and NO_x emissions have been made and analysed.     

机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土光催化降解甲基橙

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了磷钨酸(HPW)改性TiO_2,并固载于膨润土上,再经机械力化学活化,得到机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土(MCA-HPW-TiO_2/膨润土)复合光催化剂。采用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对复合光催化剂进行了表征,并将其用于甲基橙的紫外光催化降解。表征结果显示:活性组分TiO_2和HPW成功固载于膨润土上;在机械力化学活化作用下,膨润土层间结构遭到破坏,TiO_2的XRD特征峰形呈弥散状态。实验结果表明:机械力化学活化作用对HPW-TiO_2/膨润土的光催化性能提升效果显著;在酸性及近中性条件下MCA-HPWTiO_2/膨润土均具有较高的催化活性;在溶液p H 6.2、初始甲基橙质量浓度10 mg/L、反应时间180 min、MCAHPW-TiO_2/膨润土投加量1 g/L的条件下,甲基橙去除率达88.27%;该光催化降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

多级联合处理工甲基三硫醚生产废气

对二甲基二硫醚生产过程中产生的含硫有机恶臭气体采用冷冻回收、氧化吸收、吸附净化等方法进行联合处理,该废气处理方法建设周期短,投资小,见效快,具有较好的经济效益、两年内即可收回全部投资.实施运行后,大大改善了厂内及其周边大气环境.     

气相色谱法同时测定空气中乙酸甲西旨和乙酸乙酯

建立了用气相色谱法测定空气中乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯的方法。本方法前处理简便,分离度好,干扰少,分析灵敏度高,有机试剂使用量少,满足环境分析要求。     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

g-C3N4/Bi2S3复合物的制备及可见光催化降解MO

采用简单溶剂热方法成功合成可见光催化剂g-C_3N_4/Bi_2S_3.合理地利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM、HRTEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)等表征手段对合成的样品进行了表征.与纯g-C_3N_4和Bi_2S_3相比,g-C_3N_4/Bi_2S_3复合物对甲基橙(MO)的可见光催化降解具有更高的降解效率.根据能带分析结果,电子-空穴对的有效分离增强了光催化效率.此外,提出了g-C_3N_4/Bi_2S_3对MO的光催化降解过程以阐明降解机制.提供了一种经济简单并易于规模化扩大开发可见光响应催化剂的方法,并在废水处理中具有潜在的应用价值.     

利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.     

微生物燃料电池电活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙偶氮染料

为研究MFC（微生物燃料电池）产生电能活化PDS（过硫酸盐）对偶氮染料的降解能力,以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探讨pH、c（PDS）、初始c（MO）、无机阴离子等对MO降解的影响及降解机理.结果表明:①当pH为3~5时,MO降解率随pH降低而升高;当pH低于3时,MO降解率随pH的降低而降低;MO降解率随初始c（MO）的增大而降低.当c（PDS）为1~2 mmol/L时,MO降解率随c（PDS）增加而增大;当c（PDS）超过2 mmol/L后呈减小趋势.②最佳反应条件[pH为3、初始c（MO）为0.10 mmol/L、c（PDS）为2 mmol/L]下,反应4 h后MO降解率可达86.5%.③无机阴离子HCO₃-、NO₃-、CO₃2-对MO降解存在抑制作用,当阴离子投加量为10 mmol/L时,降解率分别为64.2%、68.8%、76.1%,而Cl-对MO降解无显著影响.④淬灭试验表明,体系的主要活性物质为SO₄-·及少量·OH.⑤通过紫外-可见光谱扫描,依据MO结构与特征吸收峰的关系,推测MO降解途径,即MO发色基团偶氮双键断裂,生成含苯环类中间产物,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.研究显示,MFC能有效活化PDS产生SO₄-·,对偶氮染料有较好的降解和矿化效果.