上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理饮料废水

通过监测西安可口可乐饮料有限公司污水处理站的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,探讨饮料废水厌氧处理过程中COD去除率、沼气组分、氢分压、出水挥发性脂肪酸、产甲烷活性以及污泥形态。结果表明,UASB反应器对饮料废水中的COD去除率达到84.55%,产生的沼气中甲烷组分含量高达74.5%。反应器内的氢分压仅2.5 Pa,为水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程创造了良好的条件。UASB反应器中污泥具有较高的产甲烷活性,以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为基质时,最大比产甲烷活性分别为407.14、331.74和241.27 m L CH4/(g VSS·d)。UASB反应器中的污泥形态主要为絮状,甲烷菌中的优势菌为甲烷丝菌,同时存在少量甲烷杆菌。针对该厂UASB反应器中污泥的现状,提出了影响颗粒化的因素和控制措施,为后期的运行和管理提供了参考依据。     

新疆三地区总悬浮颗粒(TSP)中单颗粒的微观形貌特征

用扫描电镜/X射线衍射能谱(SEM/EDX)对喀什地区、乌鲁木齐市米东区、和田地区的总悬浮颗粒(TSP)的单个颗粒进行了形貌观察。经分析得出:喀什地区颗粒物无规则形为34%,片状为54%;和田地区的颗粒物片状为80%,球形为12%;乌鲁木齐市米东区的颗粒物均匀球形蜂窝聚集态为90%。对此作来源解析可以认为:乌鲁木齐市米东区的TSP主要来源是燃烧排放的飞灰及在大气中形成的二次粒子居多,而喀什地区及和田地区的TSP主要来源为土壤及矿物颗粒灰尘。     

Modeling Streams and Hydrogeomorphic Attributes in Oregon From Digital and Field Data1

Abstract: Managers, regulators, and researchers of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly pressed to consider large areas. However, accurate stream maps with geo‐referenced attributes are uncommon over relevant spatial extents. Field inventories provide high‐quality data, particularly for habitat characteristics at fine spatial resolutions (e.g., large wood), but are costly and so cover relatively small areas. Recent availability of regional digital data and Geographic Information Systems software has advanced capabilities to delineate stream networks and estimate coarse‐resolution hydrogeomorphic attributes (e.g., gradient). A spatially comprehensive coverage results, but types of modeled outputs may be limited and their accuracy is typically unknown. Capitalizing on strengths in both field and regional digital data, we modeled a synthetic stream network and a variety of hydrogeomorphic attributes for the Oregon Coastal Province. The synthetic network, encompassing 96,000 km of stream, was derived from digital elevation data. We used high‐resolution but spatially restricted data from field inventories and streamflow gauges to evaluate, calibrate, and interpret hydrogeomorphic attributes modeled from digital elevation and precipitation data. The attributes we chose to model (drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean annual flow, probability of perennial flow, channel gradient, active‐channel width and depth, valley‐floor width, valley‐width index, and valley constraint) have demonstrated value for stream research and management. For most of these attributes, field‐measured, and modeled values were highly correlated, yielding confidence in the modeled outputs. The modeled stream network and attributes have been used for a variety of purposes, including mapping riparian areas, identifying headwater streams likely to transport debris flows, and characterizing the potential of streams to provide high‐quality habitat for salmonids. Our framework and models can be adapted and applied to areas where the necessary field and digital data exist or can be obtained.     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

PACS的形态及电导特性研究

借助于透射电镜技术观察了ＰＡＣＳ的聚合形态考察了电导率随碱化度（γ），加入的Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比及熟化时间的变化情况，研究了熟化时间对ＰＡＣＳ电中和能力及絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明，ＳＯ＾２－４的加入可提高聚合氯化铝的聚合度，ＰＡＣＳ聚合物的聚合度随着γ的提高及熟化时间的增长而增大，ＰＡＣＳ的电和和能力随着熟化时间的延长而下降，ＰＡＣＳ溶液（Ａｌ＾２＋含量为０．１８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的电导在     

快速测定法测定生化需氧量在环境监测中的应用

生化需氧量是指在规定条件下,微生物分解存在水中的某些可氧化的物质,特别是有机物所进行的生物化学过程中消耗溶解氧的量.目前对水体中的生化需氧量的测定除采用经典的稀释接种法外,已开始采用新方法,即微生物电极法.他能够在几分钟内测定水体的BOD含量,大大缩短了传统方法的五天培养时间,对于快速了解水体的有机污染状况,具有积极地的意义.     

絮凝形态学研究及进展

从水体中原始颗粒、絮凝剂和絮体 3个方面综述了絮凝形态学的研究进展 ,尤其是分形理论在絮凝理论与工程中的应用。絮体是具有自相似或自仿射和标度不变的分形结构 ,其分形维数是描述絮凝过程的重要因素。絮体分形结构导致了絮体碰撞的作用半径、有效密度等变化 ,从而对颗粒物分离过程有重要的影响。     

大学校区环境实验室内外空气中PM10的形貌与元素组成

研究了北京某高校环境实验室内外空气中PM10的形貌特征与元素组成.结果表明,PM10的FESEM图像中燃煤飞灰的粒子数目最多,且PM10中绝大多数颗粒均小于2.5μm,为大气细粒子.燃煤飞灰的平均粒径最小,烟尘聚集体的平均粒径稍大于矿物颗粒,而且烟尘聚集体和燃煤飞灰算术平均直径均呈现室A外≥室A内＞室B内的规律.而矿物颗粒算术平均直径却呈现室A外＞室B内＞室A内的规律.从室A外到室A内,PM10中烟尘聚集体和燃煤飞灰的数目比例均下降,而矿物颗粒的数目比例却增加了近1倍;从室A外到室B内,PM10中烟尘聚集体数目比例下降了很多,而燃煤飞灰和矿物颗粒的数目比例均增加了.化学组成的聚类分析和三元图分析结果表明,室A外的矿物颗粒主要为钙长石,室A内的矿物颗粒主要为伊/蒙混层矿物、硅酸钙,室B内的矿物颗粒主要为长石类矿物和少量的白云石和石膏,其中的石膏可能是大气中均相与非均相反应的产物.基于FESEM形貌和分形维数的计算结果证明,燃煤飞灰不具有分形特征,而烟尘聚集体和矿物颗粒具有分形特征.矿物颗粒的D1均小于烟尘聚集体D1,其边界的不规则程度低,而矿物颗粒的D2均远大于烟尘聚集体D2,其具有更为密实的结构.     

Morphology of single inhalable particle in the air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, China

In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang,single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period,heating pened,dust storm days,and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS(scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry).The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters,which areirregular square,agglomerate,sphere,floccule,column or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples;sphere particles are more,and column or stick are less in winter samples;in the wet deposit samples,agglomerate and floccule particles are not found.The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge,which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction,explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang.The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse,corresponding to the element of Si-dominant,Si-Al-dominant,and Fe-dominant.The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm,considerably larger than the former reported results,but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially.The new formed calcium crystal,the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns,and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle's morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.     

原子力显微镜分析聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐的吸附和絮凝行为:反离子的影响

通过对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC)改性得到了高分子量的聚二甲基二烯丙基硝酸铵(PDADMANO₃)和聚二甲基二烯丙基硫酸铵(PDADMASO₄).通过电导率,比浓粘度,原子力显微镜,以及高岭土悬浊液絮凝试验的残余浊度,Zeta电位和絮凝指数,研究了一价阴离子(Cl^-,ON₃^-)和二价阴离子(SO₄^2-)对聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐(PDADMAX)的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明:不同的反离子对PDADMAX的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能有显著影响.PDADMANO₃具有更高的絮凝效率和“电中和作用”,而PDADMASO₄具有更宽的最佳絮凝范围和更大的絮体粒径,及更强的“吸附架桥作用”.特别对于聚电解质的吸附和絮凝机理的研究,单个高分子的原子力显微镜图象是一种非常有效地分析方法.