High speed ball nose end milling of hardened AISI A2 tool steel with PCBN and coated carbide tools

High speed machining (HSM) of tool steels in their hardened state is emerging as an attractive approach for the mold and die industry due to its potential for significant cost savings and productivity improvement. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the tool wear mechanism and surface integrity in high speed ball nose end milling of hardened AISI A2 tool steel using coated tungsten carbide and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools. It is found that coated carbide tools can only be used at low speed (120 m/min) while high content PCBN tools are suitable for HSM range (470 m/min). PCBN tools produce a damage free workpiece with better surface finish and less work hardening. Despite the higher tool cost, HSM with PCBN tools lead to reduction in both total cost and production time per part.     

水洗-球磨法降解飞灰中二英的研究

从珠三角地区2家典型垃圾焚烧厂采集飞灰,通过分析飞灰中金属及二英异构体的组成和分布特性,提出了水洗球磨法处理飞灰的新工艺.结果表明,飞灰中细颗粒物所占的比重大,80%以上的颗粒集中在2~100 μm粒径之间,二英主要集中的粒径范围是30~53 μm.飞灰中的二英包括多氯二苯并呋喃类（PCDFs）和多氯二苯并对二英类（PCDDs）两大类,二英的17种主要异构体中含量最大的是OCDD,毒性当量浓度最大的物质为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF.水洗后钾盐钠盐大量溶出,而二英是水难溶性物质,水洗后98%以上仍在固相中.使用球磨法降解飞灰水洗渣中的二英可以实现较好的降解率,特别是当使用双金属球磨法时,降解率可以达到93.20%.球磨过程中PCDDs类物质优先降解,且PCDFs类物质可能会转化成PCDDs类物质.当球磨反应进行到20 h时,球磨时间过长造成了二英的二次生成.     

Influence of the milling tool setup on occupational safety in furniture making

One of the most serious causes of accidents in furniture making is kickback of machined material. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the milling tool setup on hazards associated with kickback in furniture making. The speed of kickback was accepted as the measure of these hazards. The experiment involved controlled changes in milling tool setup, projection of cutting knives over the body of the milling tool, number of cutting knives and clearance angle. Multifactor analysis of variance was applied to the results of individual experiments, showing statistically significant factors and their interactions. Inspection and analysis of traces left by the cutting knives of the tools on the test pieces made of wood materials supported inferential statistics. The obtained results verified some common opinions and ideas on the impact of the milling tool setup on the hazards resulting from kickback in furniture making.     

球磨－煅烧法制备Fe3O4-CuxO及其活化Oxone降解盐酸左氧氟沙星

采用机械球磨-煅烧方法成功制备Fe₃O₄-Cu_xO复合材料,利用SEM、XRD与多功能磁学测量系统等手段对复合材料进行表征,并对其催化Oxone降解水体中盐酸左氧氟沙星的性能进行评估.考察了煅烧温度、球磨时Fe与CuO的质量比对该复合材料的催化性能影响.复合材料降解盐酸左氧氟沙星（LVF）实验探究了材料投加量、Oxone浓度、pH值等因素的影响.结果表明：当煅烧温度为300℃,Fe与CuO的质量比为1：1时材料催化性能最佳;重复性实验结果表明该催化剂具备较好的稳定性.当LVF的初始浓度为10mg/L时,最优降解条件为：催化剂投加量为1.4g/L、Oxone浓度为0.6mmol/L,pH值为11,反应60min后,LVF的降解率达到99.5%.淬灭实验及ESR分析证实LVF的降解是由SO₄^-·与·OH共同作用的结果.     

Radon from uranium mill tailings: A source of significant radiation hazard?

Calculations regarding the long-term hazards to health from the radioactive gas radon which emanates from the tailings of milled uranium ores are presented here. The absolute and relative risks to the population from mill tailings, as well as technical solutions to the problem of disposal methods which would eliminate or minimize lung cancer risk, are discussed. Since the emission of radon from tailings will occur thousands of years after the projected benefits from nuclear-fission power have been obtained, the problem of present and future hazard from mill tailings calls for increased regulatory consideration.Now at Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. 20036     

基于ANSYS的高速机夹式铣刀强度设计与安全性分析

当把离心力作为主要载荷进行高速铣刀的强度计算时,经典力学计算方法存在一定误差,不能满足安全性设计要求。笔者分析高速铣刀的离心力效应;建立高速机夹式端面铣刀强度设计有限元模型;模拟不同转速下刀具各组成部分的应力与变形的大小和分布;并结合分析结果,对高速铣刀安全性设计提出了改进意见。分析表明,对于100mm机夹式端面铣刀,当转速达到15000r/min时,螺钉的等效应力已达到材料的临界应力状态,出现明显的弯曲变形,刀片产生的位移达0.04mm。     

Production of Ethanol by an Integrated Valorization of Olive Oil Byproducts. The Role of Phenolic Inhibition (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

Process capability study of laser assisted micro milling of a hard-to-machine material

Laser assisted micro milling (LAMM) is capable of generating three-dimensional micro scale features in hard-to-machine materials. This paper compares the process capability of LAMM with conventional micro milling of a hardened tool steel. In particular, the potential advantages of LAMM over micro milling with respect to cutting forces, tool wear, material removal rate, burr formation and surface roughness are investigated when micro milling hardened A2 tool steel (62 HRC). The results show that LAMM has significant advantages over micro milling, especially in terms of cutting forces, material removal rate and tool wear. The average reduction in the resultant cutting force is found to be up to 69% with laser assist. In addition, tool wear is found to be substantially less with laser assist even when the material removal rates are increased by a factor of six over the tool manufacturer recommended cutting conditions.     

球磨铝/聚四氟乙烯的热性能和失效研究

目的 研究高活性铝/聚四氟乙烯(Al/PTFE)含能材料在常温条件下的存贮能力.方法 采用高能球磨法,制备Al/PTFE复合物,对其进行温度加速老化试验.采用差热分析方法,研究该材料在不同老化时间段的放热性能,并对其失效时间进行评估.结果 球磨制备的样品组分间的反应模式为气固相反应.干法球磨制备得到的样品具有较高的放热量和较长的贮存寿命,放热量为1.82 kJ/g,在老化时间4 a以内的放热性能损失不超过20％.湿法球磨制备得到的样品具有很高的反应活性,放热量达到2.86 kJ/g,但是老化1 a后就发生明显失效.结论 以干法球磨的样品放热能力较低,但其能够在更长的时间内保持反应活性,更加适合于长期贮存.     

2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板疲劳特性及失效机理

目的 研究2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板的疲劳性能及失效形式。方法 采用步进法对化铣板搭接件进行疲劳试验,运用奈尔检验法对疲劳强度进行数据处理,运用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析对典型疲劳断口进行观察和成分分析,对比基板厚度和铆钉孔径对化铣板搭接件疲劳强度的影响,分析并探讨2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式及机理。结果 基板厚度对2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度影响较大,而铆钉孔径影响较小。随着基板厚度的增加,化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度呈现出降低的趋势,对2种铆钉孔径(3、4 mm),厚度为1.8 mm化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度较厚度为0.6 mm的试样分别降低了13.2%和13.0%。基板厚度增加使铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式从上基板铆钉头部失效变为下基板纽扣处失效,并最终表现为铆钉断裂失效。结论 随着基板厚度增加,搭接件微动磨损加剧,加速了疲劳裂纹萌生,这是造成2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件疲劳强度显著降低的主要原因。