土壤中不同粘粒矿物在高温下释放氟污染物的研究

研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、水铝英石、蛭石和针铁矿在高温下释放氟污染物的特征.结果表明:高温下氟化物从这些矿物中的逸出率不仅随矿物种类而变化,而且与烧成温度、比表面积、矿物结构水含量的变化以及高温加热时间密切相关.蒙脱石的晶格瓦解温度比高岭石的滞后,可能是不同高温下蒙脱石氟化物逸出比高岭石滞后的原因之一.含钙化合物能降低氟从蒙脱石中的逸出率.以CaCO₃处理蒙脱石为例,800℃时,氟化物逸出率比对照降低了59.6%,800℃时,5种含钙物质的固氟能力的大小顺序为:CaCO₃＞CaO＞Ca₃(PO₄)₂＞Ca(OH)₂＞CaSO₄.     

GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE SEMINOLE WELL FIELD,CEDAR RAPIDS,IOWA1

The City of Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from four well fields in an alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Since 1992, the City and the U.S. Geological Survey have cooperatively studied the groundwater-flow system and water chemistry near the well fields. The geochemistry in the alluvial aquifer near the Seminole Well Field was assessed to identify potentially reactive minerals and possible chemical reactions that produce observed changes in water chemistry. Calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and siderite were identified as potentially reactive minerals by calculating saturation indexes. Aluminosiicate minerals including albite, Ca-montmorillonite, gibbsite, illite, K-feldspar, and kaolinite were identified as potentially reactive minerals using hypothetical saturation indexes calculated with an assumed dissolved aluminum concentration of 1 microgram per liter. Balanced chemical equations derived from inverse-modeling techniques were used to assess chemical reactions as precipitation percolates to the water table. Calcite dissolution was predominate, but aluminosilicate weathering, cation exchange, and redox reactions also likely occurred. Microbial-catalyzed redox reactions altered the chemical composition of water infiltrating from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer by consuming dissolved oxygen, reducing nitrate, and increasing dissolved iron and manganese concentrations. Nitrate reduction only occurred in relatively shallow (3 to 7 meters below land surface) groundwater near the Cedar River and did not occur in water infiltrating to deeper zones of the alluvial aquifer.     

农药在土壤－水环境中归宿的主要支配因素──吸附和脱附

综述了近年来农药在土壤－水环境中吸附－脱附研究的实验方法、影响因素、数学描述、作用机理等方面的工作。重点讨论了农药与土壤粘土矿物、有机物（腐殖酸、富菲酸等）的物理化学键合机理。     

新农药环境化学行为研究──除草剂绿草定（Triclopyr）在土壤－水环境中的吸附和光解

研究土壤、腐殖酸、粘土矿对绿草定的吸附及溶液中的光降解的结果表明：吸附强弱与土壤理化特性密切相关,Freundlich常数Kf与（3·OM%＋Clay％）pH3有较好的相关性（r＝0.997）;腐殖酸较粘土矿的吸附容量大;绿草定在土壤中的吸附可能有离子键、氢键、配位键及偶极－偶极作用等。太阳光中小于330nm波长的光对降解有效,波长254nm的光对绿草定的降解作用是波长300nm光的3.5倍。     

Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining

The concept of “peak oil” has been explored and debated extensively within the literature. However there has been comparatively little research examining the concept of “peak minerals”, particularly in-depth analyses for individual metals. This paper presents scenarios for mined copper production based upon a detailed assessment of global copper resources and historic mine production. Scenarios for production from major copper deposit types and from individual countries or regions were developed using the Geologic Resources Supply-Demand Model (GeRS-DeMo). These scenarios were extended using cumulative grade-tonnage data, derived from our resource database, to produce estimates of potential rates of copper ore grade decline.The scenarios indicate that there are sufficient identified copper resources to grow mined copper production for at least the next twenty years. The future rate of ore grade decline may be less than has historically been the case, as mined grades are approaching the average resource grade and there is still significant copper endowment in high grade ore bodies. Despite increasing demand for copper as the developing world experiences economic growth, the economic and environmental impacts associated with increased production rates and declining ore grades (particularly those relating to energy consumption, water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions) will present barriers to the continued expansion of the industry. For these reasons peak mined copper production may well be realised during this century.