二段混凝沉淀-曝气氧化-砂滤处理印刷电路板废水

探讨印刷电路板废水处理工艺。针对某印刷电路板厂废水水质特点,采用“二段混凝沉淀一曝气氧化一砂滤”工艺对其进行处理。运行结果表明,废水准确分类及预处理、曝气氧化和投加重金属捕捉荆是保证出水达标的重要措施。该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中一级标准。本研究为印刷电路板废水的处理提供了一条可行途径。     

处理城市污水的多功能混合菌研究

从城市污水及工业废水中分离选育出一种高效多功能混合菌群 ,包括具有絮凝作用的芽孢杆菌 7株 (同时还有降解污染物的功能 ) .能利用其他有机物和降解某些工业污染物的细菌 6株、酵母 7株 .该混合菌群生长的 p H和温度范围较广 ,pH为 6～10 ,最适 pH7～ 8,温度为 15～ 37℃ ,最适为 30℃ .生长碳源以红糖最优 ,有机氮优于无机氮 .利用多功能混合菌完整细胞对合成城市污水处理效果表明 ,当细胞浓度达 20 mg· ml^-1 时只需通气 20 min就可将污水中 580.64mg· L^-1 COD_Cr和 376.26mg·L^-1 BOD₅完全去除 .从通气条件看 ,好氧和缺氧交替进行有利于处理效果的提高 .关键词 :城市污水 ,处理技术 ,多功能混合菌 .     

南极土壤可培养石油降解细菌多样性及降解特性研究

石油污染土壤的微生物修复是公认的绿色环保技术,但由于实际应用时环境温度较低,使得微生物降解效率低下.南极地区拥有丰富的微生物资源,为了研究南极土壤可培养石油降解菌的多样性及获取高效低温石油降解菌资源,采集南极菲尔德斯半岛上的土壤样品,以0#柴油和中质原油1∶1混合物作为碳源,分别在10、15和20℃下富集、筛选石油降解...     

多环芳烃共代谢对苯并[a]蒽微生物降解的影响及机制

利用14C同位素示踪技术,研究土壤中菲、蒽、芘3种底物对苯并[a]蒽(BaA)环境归趋的影响,高通量测序解析细菌群落响应.结果表明,3种底物均可以促进BaA的降解,添加蒽作为共代谢底物后,BaA矿化率比对照提高了2.5％,而添加菲、芘时,14C在土壤的结合态比对照升高4％,达总添加量的31％.共代谢底物改变了细菌共生网...     

Evidential role of municipal solid waste and liquid effluent on environment and public health

Cities in Bangladesh produce large amounts of solid waste (SW) through various human activities which severely pollutes our native environment. As a result, SW pollutes the three basic environmental elements (air, water, and soil) by increasing pathogenic microbial load, which might be hazardous to public health directly or indirectly. In this study, we conducted 30 samples (i.e., soil, water, and air) collected from areas where municipal solid wastes are dumped (Tangail Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh). All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality for presumptive viable and coliform count using different agar media. We performed serial dilution 10⁻³–10⁻¹⁰ times for soil and water samples, and the diluted samples were spread on Mac-Conkey agar and nutrient agar plates. For the air sample, the sterile media containing petri-dish was placed adjacent to the dumpsite of the municipal waste and kept for an hour. Then all the samples were incubated at 37°C overnight for total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (TCC). Biochemical tests and PCR were performed for the identification of these microorganisms. The antibiogram study was performed to reveal their (identified bacteria) susceptibility against clinically used antibiotics according to the standard disk diffusion technique. The highest bacterial loads were found in the air: TVC 3.273 × 10³ and TCC 1.059 × 10³ CFU/plate; tube-well water: TVC 8.609 × 10³, and TCC 8.317 × 10³ CFU/mL; in surface water: TVC 6.24 × 10¹³ CFU/mL and TCC 2.2 × 10¹² CFU/mL; in soil: TVC 2.88 × 10¹¹ and TCC 1.02 × 10¹¹ CFU/g, respectively. Microbes from SW can be transmitted through air, dust particles, or flies, and here we found an average of 1120 microbes spread over 63.61 cm² area per hour. Eight bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., V. cholera, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) were identified by the biochemical test. Among them, E. coli and Shigella spp. were further ensured by PCR targeting bfpA and ipaH genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (80%); Shigella spp. were resistant to nalidixic acid (90%), whereas Salmonella spp. was found resistant to kanamycin (90%). Vibrio spp. were also resistant to azithromycin (80%) and erythromycin (80%), which should be a great concern for us. A semi-structured survey revealed that 63% of respondents suffered from different clinical conditions (intestinal diseases) due to SW pollution. So, steps should be taken to improve the proper management and disposal of solid waste and liquid effluent to save our environment and public health.     

不同官能团微塑料对斑马鱼胚胎菌群和代谢功能的胁迫效应

为探究官能团修饰对微塑料生物效应的影响规律和机制,分析了3种聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS、PS—NH₂和PS—COOH）在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎内的累积特征,并利用微生物组学和代谢组学相结合的分析技术,解析了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能及微生物群落的响应规律.结果显示,3种微塑料都可以在斑马鱼体内产生累积,其含量范围为143~175 μg·g^-1,且不存在明显差异性.斑马鱼胚胎绒毛膜是微塑料早期暴露的主要累积场所,但不能有效阻止小粒径微塑料的穿透.未修饰的PS明显影响了斑马鱼幼鱼体内氨基糖苷类的代谢能力,PS—NH₂主要对氨基酸的代谢过程产生了影响,而PS—COOH则主要作用于三羧酸循环、氨基酸及糖酵解等代谢通路.3种微塑料均导致了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能的变化,从而对斑马鱼产生了毒性效应,而微塑料的官能团修饰则加强了这一影响程度.与对照组相比,PS—NH₂明显降低了斑马鱼幼鱼体内的微生物群落的多样性,显著增加了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的占比,导致斑马鱼幼鱼体内的菌群失衡,从而引起鱼体代谢功能的紊乱.微塑料的官能团修饰可能会明显改变其对生物体的胁迫效应,导致难以预测的生态风险.     

养鸡场空气微生物污染及工人呼吸暴露风险

动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×10⁵ ~4.90×10⁶ copies·m^-3和4.27×10⁸ ~1.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）.在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）,而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属（[Ruminococcus]_torques_group）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×10⁷ copies·d^-1和2.87×10⁵ copies·d^-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据.     

低密度聚乙烯微塑料对土壤中含氧多环芳烃自然衰减的影响

农田土壤中微塑料的不断积累可能会影响含氧多环芳烃（OPAHs）的自然衰减行为.通过土壤微宇宙实验,研究了质量分数为1 %和0.01 %低密度聚乙烯微塑料（LDPE）对土壤中OPAHs自然衰减的影响,并探究了细菌群落响应与OPAHs自然衰减的关联.土壤中初始ω（OPAHs）为34.6 mg·kg^-1,培养14 d时LDPE抑制了土壤中OPAHs的自然衰减,LDPE处理组ω（OPAHs）较对照组高出0.9~1.6 mg·kg^-1,抑制程度随LDPE质量分数增大而增大;28 d时3个处理组间土壤中OPAHs含量无显著差异,LDPE抑制效应消失.LDPE处理未改变OPAHs污染土壤中群落优势物种组成,但影响了部分优势物种相对丰度;使门水平上变形菌门和放线菌门等相对丰度增加;使属水平上芽孢杆菌属相对丰度下降,而小单孢菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度增加（为LDPE及内源物的潜在降解菌）,这4个菌属均是属水平上主导组间群落差异的主要物种.LDPE使细菌群落的α和β多样性发生了变化,但差异不显著.LDPE影响了细菌群落的功能,降低了多环芳烃降解基因的总丰度及部分降解酶丰度,抑制了多环芳烃降解菌的生长,进而干预了OPAHs自然衰减.     

降解三苯类复合微生物菌剂的制备及性能

将驯化后具备高效降解三苯类物质能力的活性污泥作为种泥,在特定的载体上发酵扩大培养,制成复合微生物菌剂.菌剂中的有效活菌数＞109CFU/g,含水量＜5%,可替代活性污泥直接投加,具有同驯化的活性污泥相当的降解性能.分别考察了pH值、烘干温度和载体比例对菌剂降解性能的影响,获得了菌剂制备的最佳工艺条件:pH值9.0,烘干温度35℃,麦麸:纤维素:稳定剂比例为85%:10%:5%.该菌剂具有较好的稳定性,可在4℃稳定保存3个月,仍保持对三苯类物质较高的去除效率,相对活性污泥更适合保存.     

Comparison of Ground Water Bacterial Cell Sizes from the Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Areas of Mysore District, Karnataka State, India

A two-year study on temporal variations in the ground water heterotrophic bacterial cell sizes of free living bacteria(FLB)and particle bound bacteria(PBB)from the agricultural,domestic and industrial areas was carried out from Februar y2005 to January 2007.The overall mean cell length of FLB and PBB was similar in all the ground water studied.However,the season wise grouped data revealed significant seasonal changes in cell length of FLB and PBB,as smaller bacteria were noticed during rainy season in the ground water in agricultural area in both the years,and only in the second year of study in domestic and industrial areas.Generally,it was noticed that there were summer maximum and rainy minimum values of the cell length of PBB in the ground water in agricultural,domestic and industrial areas in the second year of study.The Pearson's correlations showed the presence of 8(in agricultural area),5(in domestic)and 3(in industrial) significant correlations with environmental(Physico-chemical)parameters,respectively.The regression analysis revealed that as much as 12%of variation in the mean length of FL Bwas due to NO3( )in agricultural area and 9%due to total solids( )indomestic area.However,the 8% variation in bacterial cell size of FLB was due to Mg( )in industrial area.Whereas,13%variation in mean length of PBB was due to S04( )in agncultural area and 10%due to total anions of strong acid(TASA)( )in domestic area.Furthermore,10% of variation Was due to PO4( )in industrial area.Thus,the statistical analysis revealed that several environmental variables were potentially responsible for some of the temporal variations in aquatic heterotrophic bacterial cell size,suggesting probably the stressed environment in these ecosystems.