固体缓释碳源处理低碳氮比污水的脱氮及机理

通过投加PHB(聚-β-羟丁酸)和改性天然缓释碳源,在填料高度0.6 m处的实验表明,投加PHB后反应体系保持着对NH3-N较好的去除效果,去除率为13.04%~94.56%(均值67.45%)。而投加改性天然缓释碳源后,出水NH3-N浓度高于原水;待改性天然缓释碳源完全消耗后,出水NH3-N浓度低于原水。投加改性天然缓释碳源比投加PHB对去除NO-3-N和TN的效果更好,在投加改性天然缓释碳源33 d左右内,系统保持着对NO-3-N和TN很高的去除效果,去除率分别达到17.31%~97.37%(均值77.18%)和33.69%~88.16%(均值74.06%)。在实验参数的基础上,投加改性天然缓释碳源后,系统对高效脱氮的时间可维持33 d左右,反应体系对TN的去除主要依赖于反硝化细菌的异化作用。     

用含硫化砷废渣制备砷酸铜

以湖北省某化工企业含砷废水处理过程中产生的含硫化砷废渣为研究对象，采用氧化碱浸—沉淀工艺制备砷酸铜。考察了沉淀反应液pH、沉淀反应温度、搅拌转速对砷沉淀效果的影响。采用XRD和SEM技术对砷酸铜的物相及形貌进行了表征。实验结果表明：废渣在氧化碱浸过程的砷浸出率为96.53%；沉淀反应时间为30 min时，沉淀步骤的最佳工艺条件为沉淀反应液pH 5.0、搅拌转速500 r/min、沉淀反应温度50 ℃。验证实验结果表明，在该工艺条件下，砷沉淀率均达93.96%以上。SEM表征结果显示，砷酸铜产品为颗粒状，粒径约为500 nm。XRD表征结果显示，砷酸铜产品中主要含有Cu₃As₂O₈，Cu₄O（AsO₄）₂，Cu₄（As₂O₇）O₂。该方法工艺简单、无二次污染，为废渣的综合利用提供了一种新的技术路线。     

Residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice field ecosystem in China

The fate of carbosulfan (seed treatment dry powder) was studied in rice field ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method was developed for determination of carbosulfan, carbofuran, and 3-hydroxyl carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil. The target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile or dichloromethane, cleaned up on acidic alumina or florisil solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The average recoveries of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil ranged from 72.71% to 105.07%, with relative standard deviations of 2.00–8.80%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in the samples (brown rice, rice straw, paddy water and soil) were 0.011, 0.0091, 0.014, 0.010 mg kg^?1, 0.016, 0.019, 0.025, 0.013 mg kg^?1, and 0.031, 0.039, 0.035, 0.036 mg kg^?1, respectively. The trials results showed that the half-lives of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice straw were 4.0, 2.6 days, 3.9, 6.0 days, and 5.8, 7.0 days in Zhejiang and Hunan, respectively. Carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected in soils. Carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were almost undetectable in paddy water. Carbofuran was detected in paddy water. The final residues of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice were lower than 0.05 mg kg^?1, which were lower than 0.5 mg kg^?1 (MRL of carbosulfan) or 0.1 mg kg^?1 (MRL of carbofuran). Therefore, a dosage of 420 g active ingredient per 100 kg seed was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals. These would contribute to provide the scientific basis of using this insecticide.     

改性膨润土颗粒对微污染水中有机物和氨氮的吸附

采用粘结剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)、造孔剂碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和微波强化Al改性膨润土(以下简称M-Al-Bt)制备改性膨润土颗粒(以下简称MBG),研究MBG对微污染水中有机物和氨氮(NH4-N)的吸附效果,考察了不同投加量、反应时间、pH值对腐殖酸(HA)和NH4-N的去除效果影响.结果表明,投加量3 g/L,反应时间20 min,pH =7时,MBG对微污染水中20 mg/L HA和5mg/L NH4-N的去除率分别可达98％和20％以上.HA和NH4-N共存时,存在竞争吸附,HA影响了MBG对NH4-N的去除.     

Quantification of present and past biomass productivity as a support to effective biomass management

We used statistical data including specific calculations to show how the productivity of different biomass categories varies with land use, environmental conditions and land management at national and local level in Slovakia. Three different study sites were selected. Averaged annual productivity of the total biomass from one hectare ranged from 5.96 to 12.03 t on arable land, from 4.02 to 15.20 t on grasslands and from 11.72 to 13.56 t on forest land. Although the biomass productivity varied among the various biomass categories and the study sites, the average annual values of the total biomass per hectare from productive land was about the same at all three study sites (11.62, 11.68, 11.78 t/ha). Detailed quantification of different biomass categories offered a variety of possibilities to use them for further applications in economy and ecosystem services. At the national level, the unused biomass could have produced 29.8 PJ (petajoule) of heat energy.     

改性沸石对土壤铅、锌赋存形态的影响

通过室内土壤培养实验，研究改性沸石对污染土壤中Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响。结果表明，土壤中的Pb主要是以Fe—Mn氧化物结合态存在，土壤zn主要以残渣态存在。添加天然沸石和改性沸石不同程度地降低土壤酸提取态Pb、zn的含量，提高土壤残渣态Pb、zn的含量。与CK处理相比，添加4种沸石导致土壤酸提取态Pb含量降低8．7％-40．3％，土壤酸提取态zn含量降低10．5％-49．8％（培养1个月）。硝酸钾改性沸石比天然沸石更能显著地降低土壤酸提取态Pb、zn的含量，而氢氧化钠改性沸石和硝酸钾改性沸石比天然沸石更能显著地降低土壤酸提取态的zn含量。培养1、2和3月后，不同沸石处理导致土壤残渣态zn比率分别比CK处理提高14．4％～23．5％、19．6％～23．7％和1．9％-11．1％。研究结果表明，天然沸石经过一定方法改性后，是固定污染土壤Pb、zn的潜在改良剂。     

我国冶金渣开发利用产业慨况及发展前景

全面分析了我国冶金渣开发利用产业的发展状况和存在问题，提出行业未来的发展战略，指出我国冶金渣开发利用处于起步阶段，与发达国家相比还有很大差距，具有巨大的发展潜力和良好的投资环境。     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷条件优化研究

研究了21、37和47 d产甲烷物料代替新鲜污泥接种于污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物的厌氧发酵产甲烷情况,发现接种47 d产甲烷物料的消化系统在最佳接种量50%条件下的产甲烷效能显著优于接种新鲜污泥的消化系统,不仅提高了产甲烷率,还大大缩短了消化时间。并且3种消化系统产甲烷率和比产甲烷率均为47 d37 d21 d,分别为3.78、3.88、6.15 mL/g和0.172、0.277、0.559 mL/(g·d),完成产甲烷过程的消化时间为47 d37 d21 d。在一定的消化时间范围内,产甲烷菌被驯化时间越长,接种于产氢余物中的产甲烷效能越好。     

改性高分子絮凝剂去除水中悬浮物和Hg2+

采用自制改性高分子絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺处理含Hg²⁺废水。实验结果表明：当Hg²⁺的质量浓度100 mg/L、絮凝剂的加入量3.7 mg/L、废水pH=5.0、浊度为0时，Hg²⁺的去除率达到88%；Hg²⁺和悬浮物在废水中共存时，当Hg²⁺的质量浓度100 mg/L、浊度127 NTU时，Hg²⁺和悬浮物可相互促进彼此的去除，浊度的去除率由40%左右增至95%以上；用该絮凝剂处理实际废水（Hg²⁺的质量浓度 20~25 mg/L、浊度126 NTU、pH=3.5），当絮凝剂加入量为4.2 mg/L时，Hg²⁺的去除率为84%，浊度的去除率为97%，且处理效果明显优于相同条件下的传统絮凝剂。     

改性花生壳对Cd(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理

以前期制得改性块状花生壳为对象,测定改性花生壳等电点,考察离子强度对改性花生壳吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的影响、吸附前后吸附质溶液pH变化情况及蒸馏水、NaCl、HNO3、柠檬酸和EDTA 5种解吸液对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸效果,并通过X-射线光电子能谱仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对吸附前后的改性花生壳进行表征,推测并证实了改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理。结果表明,改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理是:Cd2+是通过外层络合、离子交换和内层络合的联合作用被吸附的;Pb2+主要是与改性花生壳上的O、N等活性基团发生内层络合;此外,改性花生壳表面生成的二氧化锰对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附也起到一定的作用。