环境因子对土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性变化特征的影响

在田间条件下研究土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性(Q10)的变化特征及其影响因素对准确理解地区的气候变暖潜力具有重要意义.本研究依托长武农田生态试验站的裸地处理,利用土壤碳通量系统(Li～8100)连续6 a (2008～2013年)监测裸地处理下的呼吸速率、土壤温度和水分,探究土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化特征及其影响因素.在日变化尺度上,土壤微生物呼吸速率的变化特征呈单峰曲线,且这种变化趋势主要与土壤温度有关(P 0. 05),然而日平均土壤微生物呼吸速率和Q10在不同土壤水分含量条件下不同.均呈现出:适度的土壤水分条件较高的土壤水分条件较低土壤水分条件的趋势[土壤微生物呼吸速率:1. 20μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)、0. 95μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)、0. 79μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1); Q10:2. 12、1. 93、1. 59].在季节尺度上,土壤微生物呼吸速率和Q10均呈现出雨季大于非雨季的趋势[土壤微生物呼吸速率:1. 11μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)、0. 90μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1); Q10:1. 96、1. 59],且这种变化趋势与土壤温度和水分的变化有关(P 0. 05),然而土壤温度和土壤水分的双变量模型比土壤温度或者土壤水分的单变量模型能解释更多的土壤微生物呼吸季节变异性(R~2:0. 45～0. 82、0. 32～0. 67、0. 35～0. 86;模拟值和实测值的拟合系数:0. 76、0. 64、0. 58).在年际尺度上,年累积土壤微生物呼吸变化于226 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和298 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)之间,Q10变化于1. 48～1. 94之间,而年累积土壤微生物呼吸和Q10的年际变异性主要与年平均土壤水分含量有关(P 0. 05),且年平均土壤水分别可以解释39%和54%的年累积土壤微生物呼吸和Q10年际变异性.在裸地处理上,土壤有机碳由试验初的6. 5 g·kg~(-1)下降到目前的5. 5 g·kg~(-1),但是年累积土壤微生物呼吸却高达255 g·(m~2·a)~(-1),即裸地处理的呼吸流失量比土壤有机碳的流失量高20倍以上.     

基于环剪试验的四方碑滑坡滑带土残余强度空间差异性和稳定性分析

水库滑坡因受库水位变化的影响,不同空间位置滑带土的含水率不同,滑带土残余强度也存在空间差异性,使用统一的滑带土残余强度难以准确计算滑坡的稳定性系数。以四方碑滑坡滑带土为研究对象,通过环剪试验分析了不同含水率和不同法向应力作用下滑带土的残余强度特性,结合滑坡渗流模拟结果对滑带土残余强度的空间差异性进行了分区,并计算了在175 m和145 m库水位条件下滑坡的稳定性。结果表明:不同含水率的滑带土试样,其残余强度与法向应力都呈现较好的线性关系,符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;随着滑带土含水率的增加,其残余黏聚力和残余内摩擦角都减小,且滑带土的残余内摩擦角与含水率之间呈现良好的负指数关系;基于滑带土分区的滑坡稳定性计算结果与通过野外调查得到的滑坡稳定性现状相符,说明本文方法具有可靠性。     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

温度和水分对羊草草原土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原土壤呼吸进行测定,研究了温度和水分条件对土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值的影响.结果表明羊草草原土壤呼吸与5cm地温具有很好的指数关系(r~2=0.338～0.858,P<0.001～0.08),Q_(10)介于1.15～2.25之间,均值为1.72.Q_(10)值与5 cm地温呈负相关关系(r~2=0.407),而与0～10 cm土壤水分含量呈显著的二次函数关系(r~2=0.872,P<0.05).在较低含水量时Q_(10)值随着水分含量的上升而增大,当土壤水分含量较高时转而减小.以往大多数研究认为Q_(10)值与土壤水分含量呈正相关关系,这可能是土壤水分跨度不足造成的,极端的水分条件对Q_(10)值具有重要影响.     

Interpreting and using outputs from the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System in research applications

Understanding and being able to predict forest fire occurrence, fire growth and fire intensity are important aspects of forest fire management. In Canada fire management agencies use the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) to help predict these elements of forest fire activity. In this paper a review of the CFFDRS is presented with the main focus on understanding and interpreting Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System outputs. The need to interpret the outputs of the FWI System with consideration to regional differences is emphasized and examples are shown of how the relationship between actual fuel moisture and the FWI System’s moisture codes vary from region to region. Examples are then shown of the relationship between fuel moisture and fire occurrence for both human- and lightning-caused fire for regions with different forest composition. The relationship between rate of spread, fuel consumption and the relative fire behaviour indices of the FWI System for different forest types is also discussed. The outputs of the CFFDRS are used every day across Canada by fire managers in every district, regional and provincial fire management office. The purpose of this review is to provide modellers with an understanding of this system and how its outputs can be interpreted. It is hoped that this review will expose statistical modellers and other researchers to some of the models used currently in forest fire management and encourage further research and development of models useful for understanding and managing forest fire activity.

刈割利用对封育沙地土壤水分的影响

在腾格里沙漠南缘长期封育沙地区,通过一个生长季的定位观测,分析研究全刈割和刈割一半两种利用强度对封育沙地土壤水分生态的影响,结果表明：在天然植被围栏封育区和人工种植+围栏封育区,全刈割、半刈割处理下的土壤含水量与对照间均存在显著差异。植被对土壤水分的消耗量随着刈割利用强度的增加而减小,封育沙地0～80cm各层的土壤含水量总体上具有随刈割利用强度的增加而增大的变化趋势;在3-7月份沙地土壤水分逐步降低的过程中,全刈割处理、半刈割处理与对照间土壤水分含量的差异较大,而在7-9月份沙地土壤水分逐步回升的过程中,不同利用处理间土壤水分含量的差异则显著减小;不同利用强度下封育沙地土壤水分随深度增加均表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,在0～30cm土壤层,离地表越近,土壤含水量越低,而在30～70cm土壤层,则表现为随深度增加而快速下降的趋势。不同强度的刈割处理与对照间各深度层的土壤含水量差异大多都表现为：全刈割处理﹥半刈割处理﹥不刈割处理。表明刈割利用对封育沙地土壤水分生态具有一定的调节改善作用。     

壳聚糖包覆微胶囊红磷的制备及性能表征

目的 降低红磷(RP)烟火剂的吸湿率及感度,以此提高其使用过程中的安全性能.方法 以生物基材料壳聚糖(CS)为囊壳结构,采用高效简便的工艺,制备壳聚糖包覆微胶囊红磷(CSRP),对CSRP进行红外光谱测试(FTIR)、X射线电子能谱分析(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试及热重(TG)测试,并对RP及CSRP进行吸...     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS ON A SEMIARID PONDEROSA PINE HILLSLOPE1

ABSTRACT: Detailed measurements of soil moisture and ET in semiarid forest environments have not been widely reported in the literature. In this study, soil moisture and water balance components were measured over a four‐year period on a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope, with evapotranspiration (ET) determined as the residual of measured precipitation, runoff, and change in soil moisture storage. ET accounts for approximately 95 percent of the water budget and has a distinctly bimodal annual pattern, with peaks occurring after spring snowmelt and during the late summer monsoon season, periods that coincide with high soil moisture. Weekly growing season ET rates determined by the hillslope water balance are found to be invariably below calculated potential rates. Normalized ET rates are linearly correlated (r²= 0.62) with soil moisture; therefore, a simple linear relation is proposed. Growing season soil moisture dynamics were modeled based on this relation. Results are in fair agreement (r²= 0.63) with the observed soil moisture data over the four growing seasons; however, for two dry summers with little surface runoff, much better results (r² > 0.90) were obtained.     

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON NEW YORK CITY'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: It has been well established that the greenhouse gas loading of the atmosphere has been increasing since the mid 19th century. Consequently, shifts in the earth's radiative balance are expected with accompanying alterations to the earth's climate. With these anticipated, and perhaps already observable, changes in both global and regional climate, managers of regional water resources seek insight to the possible impacts climate change may have on their present and future water supplies. The types and degrees of impacts that climate change may have on New York City's water supply system were assessed in a study of a watershed at Allaben, New York. Hypothetical scenarios of future climate and climate change projections from three General Circulation Models (GCMs) were used in conjunction with the WatBal hydrological model and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to ascertain how runoff and soil moisture from this watershed may change in a warmer climate. For the worst case predictions, the results indicate that within the century of the 2000s, the watershed's air temperature may increase up to about 11°F, while its precipitation and runoff may decrease by about 13 and 30 percent, respectively. If this watershed is typical of the others within the New York City water supply system, the system's managers should consider implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies in preparation for the worst of these possible future conditions.     

Aerobic Biodegradation of Polymers in Solid-State Conditions: A Review of Environmental and Physicochemical Parameter Settings in Laboratory Simulations

During the last few years, biodegradable polymers have been developed to replace petrochemical polymers. Until now, research devoted to these polymers essentially focused on their biodegradability. There is now a need to bear out their nontoxicity. To verify this, the biodegradation must be carried out in accelerated laboratory tests which allow the metabolites and residues to be recovered. To reproduce the natural conditions (compost, field) as closely as possible, degradation experiments must be run on solid-state substrates. We review studies of aerobic degradation in solid-state substrates. This article focuses in particular on the environmental, physical, and chemical parameters (such as substrate nature, moisture, temperature, C/N ratio, and pH) that influence biodegradation kinetics. This study also aims at finding the solid substrate most adapted to residues and metabolite recovery. The most significant parameters would appear to be the substrate type, moisture content, and temperature. Inert substrates such as vermiculite are well suited to residue extraction. This review also opens the field to new research aimed at optimizing conditions for aerobic solid-state biodegradation and at recovering the metabolites and residues of this degradation process.