沸石床多级生物膜焦化废水处理系统的NH+4-N去除稳定性研究

焦化废水处理中预处理蒸氨工艺不稳定容易引起生物处理出水NH⁺₄-N的波动,为了在有机物去除的同时提高生物系统对NH⁺₄-N的去除效果和稳定性,采用对NH⁺₄-N有良好吸附性能的天然斜发沸石为生物填料构建沸石床多级生物膜系统,考察了进水负荷对系统运行稳定性的影响、抗冲击负荷能力以及系统的功能分区和污染物迁移转化规律.结果表明,当系统进水NH⁺₄-N负荷≤0.21 kg/(m³·d)、COD负荷≤1.35　kg/(m³·d)时,出水NH⁺₄-N和COD的平均浓度分别为(2.2±1.2)mg/L和(228±60)mg/L,平均去除率分别达(99.1±0.5)%和(86.0±2.6)%.在低、高两次NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷［0.03　kg/(m³·d)和0.06　kg/(m³·d)］条件下,系统对NH⁺₄-N的平均去除率仍然分别高达99.0%和92.9%,高于对比系统的96.8%和89.3%,表现出良好的抗NH⁺₄-N冲击负荷性能与处理稳定性.系统好氧单元反应器沿程出现脱碳/硝化功能区(C/N区)和硝化功能区(N区),其中N区的NH⁺₄-N 降解速率为C/N区的2～8倍.系统进水中相对分子质量＜1×10³、 1×10³～1×10⁴、 ＞1×10⁴的TOC浓度分别为227.6、104.8和35.0 mg/L,处理出水中的TOC浓度分别为31.2、 22.9和31.5 mg/L,其中相对分子质量＜1×10³和1×10³～1×10⁴这2个范围的有机物降解良好,出水残余物质主要为相对分子质量＞1×10³的有机物.     

芳烃化合物水溶解度及分配系数的估算

将分子连接性指数法(Molecular Connectivity Index,MCI)与几何平均连接性指数法(Geometrical Mean Connectivity Index,GMCI)相结合,改进了GMCI的点价计算方法。使用新方法计算了34种芳烃化合物0～4阶指数的点价值,并分别通过对溶解度和点价值,分配系数和点价值进行逐步多元回归分析,建立了新的指数和溶解度、分配系数之间的定量关系模型,回归方程的相关系数为0.961、0.962,都达到了良好级,估计标准误差为0.3454、0.2674,优于MCI法和GMCI法。     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average (M_w) and number-averaged (M_n) molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E₂/E₃ (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm), and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Protein-like fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index (f_450/500) indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.     

印刷电路板(PCB)厂挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放指示物筛选

采用VOCs快速测定仪和SUMMA罐采样、GC/MS分析方法,采样分析了上海某工业区3个印刷电路板厂生产车间和废气排放口的VOCs含量水平、组成特征和源成分谱.结果表明,在9月和12月2次采样期间,A、B、H厂生产车间总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)(9月/12月)最高浓度分别为(2.94/2.01)×10-9、(3.18/1.11)×10-6、(0.70/0.18)×10-9;废气排放口TVOCs最高浓度则分别为(0.86/0.90)×10-9、(31.2/12.0)×10-6、(1.24/0.30)×10-9.GC/MS分析结果表明,主要检出了烷烃、烯烃、苯系物、酮类、氯代烷烃、氯代苯类、酯类等7大类共67种VOCs化合物;A、B、H厂生产车间/废气排放口最高检出物和检出浓度分别为:2-丁酮6.73 mg.m-3/2-甲基己烷5.93 mg.m-3、乙酸乙酯8.90 mg.m-3/丙烷9.64 mg.m-3、丙烷2.04 mg.m-3/丙烷1.69 mg.m-3.苯、甲苯、二甲苯检出率均为100%,三厂各点位最高检出浓度/平均浓度分别为0.077 mg.m-3/0.035 mg.m-3、0.56 mg.m-3/0.31 mg.m-3、0.21 mg.m-3/0.12 mg.m-3(间+对-二甲苯)和0.081 mg.m-3/0.050 mg.m-3(邻-二甲苯).源成分谱和PCA分析结果表明,A、B厂的VOCs特征轮廓图谱较相似,特征化合物为苯、甲苯、二甲苯以及丙酮和2-丁酮;H厂主要特征污染物除三苯外,还有氯苯和氯代烷烃类化合物.结合原辅材料及生产工艺分析,溶剂、涂料使用和工艺过程的逸散是生产车间面源VOCs排放的主要来源,废气排放口是VOCs重点排放点源.     

孔径调变对MCM-41分子筛吸附VOCs性能的影响

采用3种不同碳链长度的季铵盐表面活性剂C_nTAB(n=8,12,16)为模板剂,分别合成8-MCM-41、12-MCM-41和16-MCM-41介孔分子筛,并以甲苯、邻二甲苯、均三甲苯为吸附对象,考察了介孔分子筛动态吸附VOCs的性能.结果表明,通过减少表面活性剂的碳链长度,可以成功地把MCM-41分子筛的孔径调变为4.1、3.2和2.4 nm.吸附实验结果表明,当MCM-41孔径减小时,其对低浓度甲苯、邻二甲苯的吸附量大幅上升,均三甲苯存在孔道扩散效应,其吸附量增加不明显.吸附等温线表明,在2.4 nm孔道内,3种芳烃分子均属于典型的Langmuir单分子层吸附;当孔径大于2.4 nm时,芳烃分子出现明显的多层吸附和毛细凝聚现象.     

A/O-MBR处理餐饮废水过程中DOM特性解析

借助凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对厌氧微网与好氧平板膜-生物反应器(A/O-MBR)联合处理餐饮废水过程中各阶段的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质进行研究。分子量研究表明:好氧段污泥滤液的GFC谱图中在10 min以前有大分子物质析出,分析是微生物代谢产物;且随着处理过程的进行水样DOM中的分子量分布范围不断变宽。EEM光谱研究表明:进水、好氧段出水、好氧段污泥滤液的DOM中的2种主要荧光物质为高激发波长类色氨酸和可见区类富里酸,而厌氧段出水中仅有高激发波长类色氨酸,且峰强较强。同时,厌氧段出水中在形成可见区类富里酸的区域内有成峰趋势,分析是由较强的类色氨酸峰的掩蔽作用造成的。好氧段污泥EPS中存在3个明显的荧光峰,指示了色氨酸和腐殖酸的存在。     

超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥胞外聚合物和溶出物的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机制,采用均匀试验得到的最佳超声波参数与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,通过生物化学分析法研究了消化过程污泥EPS指标(多糖、蛋白质、DNA和总量)和相应溶出物的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化过程作对照.均匀试验结果表明,在超声波声能密度0.1 W/mL,超声处理时间15 min...     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the process of mercury release from water body. In this study, the influence of DOM from different sources (DOMR, DOMS and DOMH, extracted from rice straw, compost and humic soil respectively) on mercury reduction was investigated. The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of DOM from each source were determined using ultrafiltration membrane technique and elemental analysis respectively. The result showed that mercury release from DOM-added samples was much lower than the control; the lowest mercury release flux was observed in the treatment of DOMH, 25.02% of the control, followed by DOMS and DOMR, 62.46% and 64.95% of the control, respectively. The higher saturation degree and lower molecular weight of DOMH was responsible for the highest inhibition degree on the mercury release. The link between DOMH, concentration and mercury flux was also estimated and the result showed that mercury flux was increased with DOMH at lower concentration, while decreased with DOMH at higher concentration. Different mechanism dominated the influence of DOM on mercury release with variation of DOM concentration.     

基于P-S-R模型的焦作市生态安全评价

文章基于焦作市社会、经济及生态环境现状分析,借鉴压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型,运用层次分析法构建一个涵盖指标层、因素层、准则层及目标层等4层次的城市生态安全评价指标体系。在用熵权法确定各指标权重的基础上,结合时间趋势法评价焦作市2001～2007年的生态安全状况。结果表明:2001～2003年间生态安全综合指数值分别为0.277 7、0.384 5、0.505 3,表示生态安全水平较低;2004～2007年间生态安全综合指数值在0.573 5～0.683 1之间,生态安全有所提高。整体来看,近些年来,焦作市的生态安全水平呈现不断好转态势。该研究可为了解焦作市生态安全现状,及其未来生态环境质量改善和生态安全规划管理提供依据。     

东江水源水中有机物分子量分布特征研究

采用超滤膜法考察了东江水源水中有机物分子量分布特点,研究了东江泄洪和不泄洪水源水中有机物分子量分布的变化特征。结果表明,东江水源水在不泄洪期间水源水中的溶解性有机物主要为小分子量的有机物。而在泄洪期间,东江水源水中溶解性有机物主要为大分子量的有机物。UV254的分布和有机物分子量分布一致,DOC与UV254具有良好的相关性。泄洪期间水源水中SUVA值小于3,水体中有机物很难通过常规混凝工艺去除,此结果与水厂的实际运行情况相吻合。