基于地质统计及随机模拟技术的天津武清区土壤重金属源解析

为了解天津市武清区重金属污染状况及污染来源情况,在研究区共采集了578个表层土壤样品并分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As(类金属)、Ni、Cr等8项重金属含量.综合应用描述性统计、主成分分析、地质统计学及随机森林回归技术对研究区表层土壤重金属含量时空变化特征及人为及自然源污染贡献性进行了探讨.结果表明,除Cr以外,研究区其余重金属平均含量均高于区域背景值,土壤As、Ni、Cr主要来自于自然源即土壤类型的差异性,Cu、Zn的变异性一是受土壤类型差异性的影响,二是受污灌的影响,Pb、Cd的变异主要受面源污染的影响,局部存在点源污染.Hg变异性主要受污灌的影响.实践证明多技术联合应用是土壤重金属来源解析的有效方法.     

旅游地农户生计资本评估与生计策略选择——以海螺沟景区为例

旅游地可持续发展需要重点关注当地居民生计的可持续。以海螺沟景区为案例地,基于可持续生计框架构建了适用的生计资本评估指标体系,量化识别了景区农户可持续的生计方式,明确了影响两类脆弱性农户生计策略选择的主要因素。结果表明：在研究区六种生计方式中,采用均衡兼收型和旅游主营型策略的农户其生计资本水平最高,而传统务农型和务工型农户生计资本水平最低。不同生计策略类型的农户在空间上集聚分布。缺乏金融资本是影响传统务农型和务工型农户选择均衡兼收型生计策略的主要因素,而物质资本和社会资本的缺乏则对他们选择旅游主营型生计策略有显著的影响。此外,海拔、距公路和核心景点的距离也对农户生计策略的选择有重要影响。     

Difference among the Growth of GDP and Urbanization of the Provinces and the Cities in West China since the Reform and Opening-up

Since the reform and opening-up, the difference between the development of the west region and the other regions in China is increasing. In addition, the condition of the development of cities in west China needs amelioration. Developing conditions of the west provinces and its cities using economic barometers (e.g. gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP) and urban population datum (e.g. urbanization level and city primary degree) have been analyzed in this article. Five indexes have been chosen to work on the development of the provinces, for example, the contribution degree of the increment in GDP, the contribution degree of the increment of per capita GDP, urbanization level, city primary degree, city primacy ratio. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the western provinces is in a poor way; moreover, it is not steady going. (2) The comparability among the characteristics of the urbanization level growth of the provinces is at a low level. (3) The urbanization levels of Inner Mongolia province and Sinkiang province are more-sensitive responders to the growth of per capita GDP, whereas those of Guangxi province and Tibet province are less-sensitive responders. (4) The urban population in most of the provinces are highly concentrated, which can be shown by city primary degrees and city primacy ratios. While working on these cities in west China, some earlier zone-organic cities are chosen as sample cities, and these cities are also analyzed using economic barometers and population datum. By analyzing the difference among the cities and comparing the research findings of Professor Zhou and the author, the following conclusions are made: (1) the growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the cities are mostly not steady going; (2) the middle and big cities are more-sensitive responders to the growth of economy, whereas the small and mega cities are less-sensitive responders; (3) the sizes of southwest cities have a higher speed than those of northwest ones, and furthermore, the differences between them are still increasing.     

Modelling air temperature gradients across managed small streams in western Washington

Leaving riparian strips on both sides of a stream is widely accepted to be an effective management approach in sustaining the valuable functions of stream and riparian ecosystems. The authors' overall objective is to provide microclimatic information for assessing the effectiveness of these strips. During the summer of 1993 and 1994, air temperatures were collected across 20 small, buffered streams in western Washington, USA, including five streams sampled before and after harvesting of the forest. These data were statistically analysed to examine the effects of adjacent harvesting with preservation of 16–72 m riparian forest strips. Regression models were developed to predict air temperatures at the stream and buffer edges, the difference between two locations, and seasonal changes. The authors found: (1) clearcutting in winter 1993/94 increased air temperature on the stream by up to 4°C, and changes in temperature variability from the stream to the upland, measured by coefficient of variation (CV), were significantly higher after harvesting; (2) forest buffers provided minimal protection for stream air temperature during the middle of summer (July) but were more effective early and late in the season; (3) buffer width was not a significant variable in predicting stream air temperature, suggesting that even a 72 m buffer was not sufficient to maintain a stream environment because of greater depth of edge influences.1998 Academic Press     

云南蒋家沟流域泥石流沟谷演变的非线性特征

蒋家沟是我国西南山区一条典型的暴雨泥石流沟，位于云南省东北部金沙江支流小江河谷的右岸。主沟长13.9km，流域面积48.6km^2，平均纵坡比降16.02%，流域内有4级支沟。据统计，沟谷长度大于0.50km的各级泥石支沟有26条，其中主沟1条（即蒋家沟）,另含Ⅰ级支沟6条，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ级支沟各2，7和10。蒋家沟流域内各级泥石流支沟尽管在形态上具有自相似性，但在空间分布上则具有均一性，从各支沟的数目、密度和流域面积看，均表明由沟口至沟源（尾）有逐渐增强的趋势，且主要集中在门前、多照两沟内。对蒋家沟及流域内各泥石流支沟的沟谷形态分析显示，各支沟的流域面积、沟道坡降及长度均存在明显的分形特征，它们与沟道数目之间有良好的非线性关系。这种非线性关系一 定程度上揭示了这些泥石流沟谷演变的非均匀性和自相似性。     

对火电厂粉煤灰平衡湿含量的试验和分析

对粉煤灰的平衡湿含量在各影响因素下进行了试验研究 ,并且利用半经验公式对实验数据进行了回归 ,得到了较好的拟合效果 ;为相关的理论及试验研究提供了计算公式及实验数据     

Forecasting energy demand of China using Bayesian Combination model

To analyze the impact of the related economic factors on China's energy demand, Path analysis is used to analyze the major factors and their direct and indirect effects on energy demand. This study showed that the main factors that affect the energy demand are the economic growth, the total population, and the primary energy structure, the economic growth is the main determining factor, and the primary energy structure is the major restrictive factor. On this basis and considering the multicollinearity and the validity of the forecast, we established a partial least-square (PLS) and the trend extrapolation prediction model, and then we sum up all the information to found a PLS—trend extrapolation combination forecasting model based on the optimized combining forecast theory. Finally, we obtain the probability distribution of the error using the Bayesian statistic theory and find the confidence interval of combining forecasting result. The results indicate that the outcome of combining forecasting will be more precise after using the Bayesian error correction approach.     

STREAMFLOW OF THE OCCOQUAN RIVER IN VIRGINIA AS RECONSTRUCTED FROM TREE-RING SERIES1

ABSTRACT Tree-ring indices representing seven sites were used to reconstruct monthly summer streamflow in the Occoquan River basin of northern Virginia from 1841 to 1975. Attempts were made to reconstruct flow for each of the months, April through August. Reconstructions for June, July, and August were judged most reliable. Major mid-summer flow minima persisting for more than one year were reconstructed as having occurred in the early 1870's, the early 1930's, and the mid-1960's. Aside from these major dry periods, a greater frequency of extreme low flow during individual years is indicated for the entire record than for the most recent 50 years.     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型保持水土效益的研究

１９９１年度在苏南丘陵地区用径流小区法测得杉木林、火炬松林、栎林及裸地的地表径流系数分别为９．５５％、３８．９９％、６．０１％、４５．３７％。土壤侵蚀量分别为２８１．０ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２２５．４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２３８。４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、１４４１４．５ｔ／ｋｍ￣２。与裸地相比，森林保持水土的效益非常显著。文中还详细讨论了裸地的土壤侵蚀规律，并给出了裸地土壤侵蚀量的经验预报方程。     

Methods for sizing dust explosion vent areas: a comparison when reduced explosion pressures are low

Various methods that are available for estimating the explosion venting requirements of weak dust handling equipment are compared. The regression analysis that Simpson has performed on the well known K_st nomographs is shown to extend to K_st values less than 50 bar m s⁻¹ and to reduced explosion pressures between 1.1 bar a and 1.2 bar a.