城市生活垃圾中微量金属元素含量的特性分析

城市生活垃圾中含有多种微量金属元素 ,可能会对环境和人们的健康造成危害。分析这些元素随着产地及时间的差别 ,了解它们在垃圾中的富集量 ,对于垃圾的处理和综合利用是非常重要的。在此通过连续监测 1年内某沿海城市若干地区生活垃圾的组成成分 ,得到了垃圾中微量金属元素的原始数据 ,探讨了微量金属元素随来源和季节的分布规律 ,并进行了较为详尽的讨论     

日本废弃物的管理制度与研究现状 Ⅲ.日本废弃物的试验分析方法体系(A)产业废弃物的监测对象、目的与评价标准

本文就日本产业废弃物的监测内容、最新评价标准及其制定的基本思路进行了评述。     

日本废弃物的管理制度与研究现状Ⅲ.日本废弃物的试验分析方法体系(C)产业废弃物的分析方法

本文简要介绍了日本产业废弃物的监测分析方法     

The use of tailor-made acidic deep eutectic solvents for preparation of quercetin-enriched extracts from onion solid wastes

The current examination dealt with the development of a methodology to produce quercetin, a multifunctional bio-flavonoid, by designing task-specific, highly acidic deep eutectic solvents, based on glycerol and natural organic acids. The purpose was to achieve a simultaneous hydrolysis of spiraeoside, the major quercetin glycoconjugate occurring in onion solid wastes, and quercetin extraction. After an initial performance screening, the combination of glycerol/oxalic acid was identified as the highest-performing system, and further investigation showed that the most efficacious molar ratio was glycerol/oxalic acid 3:1. Further study of hydrolysis/extractions conditions suggested 30 min, at 130°C, to be the best operating conditions, giving the highest yield of 19.65 mg quercetin per grams of dry mass. The extract obtained under these conditions displayed significantly enhanced antiradical activity, compared to control extracts prepared with water or aqueous ethanol. On the other hand, results on the ferric-reducing power were rather contradictory. It is proposed that such a methodology may be implemented to valorize onion solid wastes, for the production of extracts significantly enriched in quercetin, with increased antiradical properties.     

城市生活垃圾处理能力提升的驱动因素研究——基于2004—2020年30个省份的实证分析

提升末端生活垃圾处理能力,走出城市“垃圾围城”之困,一直是地方政府关切的核心议题。为探究城市生活垃圾处理能力的影响因素及其时空差异,从“政府能力系统”视角出发,围绕需求驱动、经济驱动、政策驱动、技术驱动四个维度,提出相关研究假设,并运用2004—2020年30个省份的面板数据进行实证检验。研究发现：生活垃圾清运量、人均GDP、地方环保支出、政策文本出台数量、无害化处理厂数量以及市容环卫专用车辆数均对城市生活垃圾处理能力的提升具有促进作用。在时间变化上,2004—2007年为生活垃圾处理能力初创阶段,受到经济、政策与技术驱动因素的显著影响; 2008—2016年为生活处理能力缓慢提升和局部发展阶段,持续受到技术驱动因素的显著作用;2017—2020年为处理能力全面提升阶段,需求、经济与技术因素均呈现出显著促进作用。在区域变化上,经济驱动的影响效应由东部向西部逐渐减弱,需求驱动、政策驱动因素只在东部地区影响显著,技术驱动因素对不同区域的生活垃圾处理能力均具有显著促进作用。最后,研究从源头减量、资金投入、政策倾斜与技术创新等方面,对促进中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的发展提供了相应的政策建议。     

流量分配对短程生物脱氮过程中N2O产生的影响

利用SBR反应器,通过在线pH曲线控制好氧-缺氧反应时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮,并考察了分段进水条件下流量分配对SBR反应器运行性能及N2O产量的影响.结果表明,与原水分2次在不同阶段等量加入反应器的二段进水方式相比,原水分3次等量进入反应器的三段进水方式能够有效降低脱氮过程中外碳源投加量和氧化亚氮产量;氧化亚氮主要产生于硝化过程,反硝化过程能够将硝化阶段积累的N2O还原至N2.2次、3次等量进水条件下,生物短程脱氮过程中乙醇投加量分别为0.8和0.6 mL,N2O释放量分别为8.86和5.05 mg·L-1(以N计).硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因.     

Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.     

ASM2G在污水处理中的研究与应用

针对用静态模型常规设计在设计效果与模拟分析上的不足,作者在研究动态机理模型ASM2d的基础上开发了污水处理仿真程序ASM2G,以分析污水生物处理,并进行模拟分析与辅助设计.本文首先介绍了此自编程序的机理模型ASM2d;其次说明了ASM2G的模拟过程;最后,通过对实际污水处理厂的模拟比较,说明了ASM2G在模拟分析上的优势,同时也反映了ASM2d能够较好地反映污水处理的运行状况,是一个较成熟的动态机理模型.文章试图为找到一种经济有效的设计方法提供一定的参考.     

Emergency preparedness consultants at the local government level: the Israeli experience

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Municipal Emergency Consultation project in eight Israeli local authorities. The initiative centres on the appointment of independent emergency preparedness consultants entrusted with tailoring an emergency preparedness package to suit the specific needs of each locality. Regarding emergency preparedness improvements, in all of the municipalities examined, a concept of municipal emergency operation was consolidated and the derived emergency plan tested. Emergency work processes were structured and service‐level agreements reached between municipality departments. Where necessary, a‐linear patterns of municipal functioning in an emergency were established. Concerning a ‘spillover’ of emergency preparedness improvements into routine operations, and a ‘spillover’ of routine management improvements into local emergency preparedness, two municipalities near Gaza, which typically function in an emergency routine, saw a significant ‘spillover’ of emergency preparedness into routine functioning. In other localities, local managers chose to improve a number of municipal structures and procedures in times of routine functioning, which are also related to the functioning of the municipality during an emergency.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾-土壤-植物中汞含量的分布特征

在贵阳和武汉市的4座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg.kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg.kg-1,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0.5 mg.kg-1,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶>根>茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分>地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞含量不断升高,封闭填埋场种植的玉米果实有一部分汞含量超过了食用标准,这些都说明填埋场的运行会给周围的生态环境带来一定的汞污染风险。