锰氧化菌Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1对氧四环素的去除作用与机制

氧四环素（Oxytetracycline,OTC）的大量使用可能导致环境中抗性基因的生成和传播.锰氧化菌及其催化产生的生物锰氧化物（Biogenic manganese oxides,BMO）在自然界中广泛存在,但对其去除OTC的过程与机制仍不明确.因此,本研究探讨了锰氧化菌Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1对微量（5 μg·L^-1）OTC的去除作用与机制.结果表明,微量的OTC可以促进QJX-1的生长及其对Mn²⁺的氧化.QJX-1及其催化生成的BMO对OTC的去除效果较好,在第168 h时对OTC的去除率达到99%.转录组结果表明,OTC会导致细菌的pstA、pstB、pstC、urtA和urtD等ABC转运蛋白编码基因表达上调,说明OTC可能是通过ABC转运蛋白泵出QJX-1体内进而让BMO更有效地接触OTC,从而达到OTC被吸附、氧化去除的目的.RT-qPCR结果表明,微量的OTC促进了细菌多铜氧化酶基因cumA的表达,提高了BMO的生成速率,增强了对OTC的去除效果.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Polyphenols and their influence on gut function and health in ruminants: a review

Polyphenols in plants can protect proteins from degradation and improve the efficiency of conversion of plant protein to animal protein (meat and milk), but can this be achieved in a way that is environmentally sustainable, profitable to the livestock farmer and is consistent with aspirations for improved livestock nutrition, health, welfare and product quality? Given that grazed and conserved forage is the bedrock of sustainable ruminant production, this paper attempts to consider what challenges are ahead in terms of enhancing productive efficiency, reducing the polluting footprint of livestock agriculture and alleviating the endemic parasitism that occurs with grazing animals.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

喀斯特山区植被恢复过程中土壤水解酶和氧化酶活性的响应

土地利用方式的改变,如农田退耕是影响土壤有机碳固持的重要因素.喀斯特地区正开展大规模的生态系统恢复工程,然而生态系统恢复过程中土壤有机碳的固持机制依然不甚清楚.土壤有机碳的分解是土壤碳循环的一个关键过程.不同组分有机碳的分解受不同酶的活性控制,因此,在西南喀斯特山区不同植被恢复阶段下开展土壤酶活性特征研究,有助于了解该地区土壤有机碳固持机制并为该地区的生态恢复实践提供理论支撑.本研究在广西河池市环江县典型喀斯特区域的农田、草地、灌丛、次生林4种不同植被恢复阶段下采集0~10 cm深度的土壤样品,采用荧光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定3种土壤水解酶(即β-葡糖苷酶、α-纤维素酶和β-木糖苷酶)和1种氧化酶(过氧化物酶)的活性及相关土壤理化属性指标,研究植被恢复过程中土壤水解酶(参与活性碳库的分解)和氧化酶活性(参与惰性碳库的分解)的响应.结果显示,随着植被恢复土壤水解酶活性不断增加(次生林灌丛草地农田),而土壤氧化酶无明显变化.导致该结果的原因可能是由于喀斯特地区土壤有机碳极高的稳定性导致微生物趋向于利用活性有机碳库,而对于惰性有机碳库的分解并无显著差别.本研究间接说明喀斯特地区农田退耕后将有利于土壤惰性有机碳的累积.     

乳酸氧化酶转化乳酶产丙酮酸

从土壤样品中富集、筛选和纯化获得了3株能产生乳酸氧化酶的菌株，其中SM-10#菌株的产酶活力最高，经初步鉴定，该菌株属腐生葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus saprophyticus），对SM-10#菌株还进行了破壁条件的优化、生长曲线的分析和酶液稳定性研究，并初步探讨了其酶液的底物转化效率，4h最高转化率达到80%，该研究结果为将这种有价值的酶源推向生产打下基础。     

进水碳氮比对脱氮污泥羟胺氧化酶活性及N_2O产生的影响

在以A/O方式运行的SBR工艺中,研究了3种不同进水碳氮比下硝化与反硝化过程中污泥羟胺氧化酶(HAO)活性变化、N2O的产生/释放规律及两者之间的关联性.结果表明,当C/N=3.5与C/N=9.5时,HAO平均酶活性分别为(283.77±19.64),(348.87±17.94)U/g MLSS,而C/N=6.5条件下的平均酶活性仅为(246.45±23.30)U/g MLSS,总体上3个条件下缺氧阶段HAO活性均较好氧阶段高;反应过程中HAO的活性变化趋势基本与气态N_2O释放速率、溶解态N_2O及亚硝氮的浓度变化趋势成正相关,在C/N=9.5下好氧段HAO活性与后三者呈现完全一致的变化规律.N_2O主要产生于好氧阶段进行的硝化过程,尤其是羟胺氧化是N_2O产生的主要环节;碳源相对不充分的条件下(如C/N=3.5),缺氧段N_2O的释放与HAO活性关系密切;碳源相对较充分的条件下,缺氧段N_2O的产生与HAO酶活性无明显关联.推测可能是因为缺乏电子受体NO_2~-而导致HAO酶未参与反应;在N_2O产生较多的条件下,HAO活性相对也较高.     

大鼠不同脏器亚硫酸氧化酶活性及其与年龄的关系

为了探讨体内亚硫酸氧化酶的分布特点及随年龄的变化规律,以Wistar大鼠为实验材料,研究了不同月龄大鼠脏器中的亚硫酸氧化酶活性.以细胞色素C为电子受体,应用分光光度法测定了不同月龄(1、4、10个月)大鼠肝、肾、肺、脾、脑、胃及胸主动脉中亚硫酸氧化酶的活性.结果表明:1)亚硫酸氧化酶在大鼠全身主要脏器中普遍存在,且在不同脏器中该酶的活性不同,从强到弱的顺序基本表现为:肝、肾>胃>脑>胸主动脉血管>肺>脾;2)肝、肾、血管组织中亚硫酸氧化酶活性与大鼠年龄相关,肝脏亚硫酸氧化酶活性随年龄的增加而增加(Spearman,r=0.674,p<0.001),而肾脏和胸主动脉血管该酶活性随年龄的增加而减小(Spearman,r=-0.756,p<0.001;r=-0.629;p<0.05),其余脏器未见明显变化;3)亚硫酸氧化酶活性降低可能是一种机体衰老的生化标志物.     

环境中生物氧化锰的形成机制及其与重金属离子的相互作用

微生物参与形成的锰氧化物是环境中一种高活性的锰氧化物.研究表明,锰氧化菌主要通过分泌多铜氧化酶来氧化Mn(Ⅱ)而形成锰氧化物.微生物形成锰氧化物过程的主要初级产物是与δ-MnO₂或与酸性钠水锰矿类似的层状锰酸盐.生物氧化锰是环境中重要的吸附剂、氧化剂和催化剂.通过吸附、氧化作用,生物氧化锰影响着重金属离子在环境中的迁移转化,在重金属元素生物地球化学循环中起重要作用.研究锰氧化物的生物形成过程、生物氧化锰的结构特征及其与重金属离子之间的相互作用,对于了解生物氧化锰在重金属元素生物地球化学循环过程中的作用以及在重金属污染修复中的应用有着重要意义.本文综述了环境中生物氧化锰的形成机制、性质、结构特点及其吸附、氧化重金属离子的机制.     

镉诱导仔猪睾丸支持细胞氧化酶活性降低及DNA损伤的研究

以仔猪睾丸支持细胞为实验模型,采用二步酶消化法分离支持细胞进行培养。探讨了0、10、20、40、80gmol·L^-1的氯化镉对支持细胞的毒性作用。结果表明：10gmol·L^-1以上的氯化镉有抑制支持细胞生长的作用,并能使支持细胞氧化酶活性下降,造成支持细胞DNA损伤。